Energy Drinks Essay Example for Free

Energy Drinks Essay Energy drinks are part of the human life nowadays especially to the younger generation. Like other activities such as smoking and drinking, the consumption of energy drinks also goes on increasing. Most of the energy drink manufacturers target the youths for their marketing strategies and hence the advertisements are mostly aimed at attracting the youths. Millions of dollars are spent for the energy drink advertisements. Most of the world famous celebrities like film actors/actresses and sports personalities are the brand ambassadors of energy drinks. Energy drink Advertisements The advertising campaigns are mostly ranges from extreme sports activities like, cliff-diving, surfing, windsurfing, snowboarding, racing, and break dancing to art shows, music, and video games. Most of the international cricket teams and football teams are sponsored by energy drink manufacturers like Red Bull, Pepsi, and Coca Cola. For example Pakistan cricket team was sponsored by Pepsi for a long period. Some of the American Football and Basket ball teams were sponsored by Red Bull. Some energy drinks manufacturers sponsor marathon races across the countries to promote their product. Their intention is to spread the brand awareness in two ways. First, they know that a marathon rays will cover a long distance across the country and hence it will attract many people. Second they know in sports like marathon race, the participants Energy Drinks 2 need lot of stamina and energy to complete the race. So they will utilize the stamina of a marathon racer to their advantages. â€Å"Energy drink slogans are as different as the drinks themselves, but they all work to appeal to the ideal consumer crowd. Energy drinks, unlike other beverages, are traditionally marketed to a very small, specific consumer group. For example, some energy drink brands focus on extreme sports enthusiasts, others cater to students and their energy needs, and still others try to attract the video game crowd. † (Facts expert) Mouth publicity is considered as one of the most effective marketing strategy and hence attractive slogans are used in the advertisements of energy drinks. Youths are especially very much interested in songs and slogans and they will give mouth publicity attractive to the songs or slogans which they may feel special. So the ad agencies are very keen in introducing some slogans in their marketing campaigns of the energy drinks. â€Å"If most energy drink slogans are responsible for a large part of a brand’s advertising, it is essential that they be catchy and memorable. Some of the drink names themselves act as slogans—either officially or unofficially—like Crunk and GoFast!. Because most energy drinks are appealing to the younger teenage and twenty-something generation† (Facts expert) The success of a slogan campaign lies in lyrics of the slogan. The slogan must be simple and easy to say. It should reflect the theme of the energy drink to attract the customers. The lyrics should be persuasive, attractive Energy Drinks 3 and it should motivate the target people to repeat it again and again. There should not be any abusive or dirty words in the slogan. It should ignite the minds of the target people so that they will be motivated to give mouth publicity to it and thereby the brand awareness of the energy drink will be increased. Youths are always interested in taking risks and also playing adventurous sports. They need things to be happened at a rapid pace. Because of their enthusiasm and the psychological level, they like fast life and like to have more energy in their veins. So they will participate in anything and consume anything because of the reasons mentioned above. Advices to the Marketers It is a good habit to utilize the possibilities of sports and games in the marketing of the energy drinks. The modern youths are experiencing lack of physical activities and hence most of them have obesity and overweight which result in lack of self esteem and other health related problems. The marketing campaign through sports activities will definitely improve the awareness about the physical activities which is essential for the modern world. So the energy drink manufacturers should continue the marketing campaign through sports activities. â€Å"Some of the energy ingredients in the variety of energy drinks include: Royal Gelly, (Honey bee byproduct), Ginseng (Herbal root very popular in Asia), Ashwaganda, (Member of the pepper family also known as Indian ginseng), Horny Goat Weed (Chinese plant), Skullcap (North American perennial herb), Energy Drinks 4 White Willow (North American tree bark, natural alternative to aspirin), Black Seed (Ancient herbal remedy in Asia, Africa and the Middle East), Guarana (Fruit vine found in Amazon Basin with a powerful caffeine bean), Taurine (A naturally occuring acid)Additionally, healthy ingredients such as green tea and fruit juices are being added to capitalize on the better-for-you trend. Green tea and pomegranates are some of the more obvious recent attempts to tie in products that are currently hot trends in healthy eating with a traditional energy drink. † (Agri-Food Trade Service) At the same time the energy drink manufacturers must improve their commitments to the society by enriching the energy drinks with some essential nutrient which is lacking in the modern fast food culture. Most of the essential vitamins required for the health are vanishing from the current food culture and hence the energy drink manufacturers must take that social responsibility to enrich their drinks with essential vitamins required for the health. â€Å"Energy drinks – usually a mixture of caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, B-complex vitamins and gluconolactone – have become very popular in recent years† (Energy Drinks Do Not Help Maintain Alcohols Buzz) Some of the marketing techniques of the energy drink manufacturers include: Tension, stress relief, Sobering effects, Improved love life, Stamina, Reflexes, Alertness, Virility, and Stimulates metabolism (Agri-Food Trade Service) Neither of the above mentioned claims from the energy drink Energy Drinks 5 manufacturers are proved scientifically yet. But still they keep on using the same slogans in their ad campaigns to attract a specific segment of the society and they must think of stopping such slogans. Conclusions Most of the energy drink advertisements are misleading. The manufacturers offer so many things which will never materialize through the consumption of it. The ad campaigns utilizing sports activities will definitely create awareness about the physical activities among youths. The energy drink manufacturers must think of including certain essential vitamins in their drinks which is diminishing from the modern world due to fast food culture. They should stop utilizing caffeine like ingredients in their drink. Energy Drinks 6 Works Cited 1. Facts expert (2005), Drink Advertising and Energy Slogans, Retrieved on March 5, 2009 from http://energydrinks. factexpert. com/905-energy-drink-slogans. php 2. Agri-Food Trade Service (2008), The Energy Drink Segment in North America Retrieved on March 5, 2009 from http://www. ats. agr. gc. ca/us/4387_e. htm 3. Energy Drinks Do Not Help Maintain Alcohols Buzz, (2004) Retrieved on March 5, 2009 from http://alcoholism. about. com/od/college/a/blacer0409

A Postmodern Cultural Perspective in Lolita and A Streetcar Named Desir

A Postmodern Cultural Perspective in Lolita and A Streetcar Named Desire Postmodernism has emerged as a reaction to modernism thoughts and "well-established modernist systems". (Wikipedia, 2005) Specific to Nabokov's Lolita and Williams' Streetcar Named Desire is the idea that both of the novels are written under the view of postmodernism as a cultural movement and that they are broadly defined as the condition of Western society especially after World War II (period in which the novel were written; 1947 for Streetcar and 1955 for Lolita). While modernists viewed people as autonomous (capable of independent rational thought), postmodernists see human identity and thinking as the product of culture. (Xenos Christian Fellowship, 2005). The postmodern main assumption here is that culture and society create individuals as well as all their thoughts and attitudes. Lolita and A Streetcar Named Desire both treat of Cultural Relativism, which is the view that each culture has it's own truths that are relevant to them, but not relevant to other cultures. (Wikipedia, 2005) Economic changes, immigration, capitalism expansion, development of mass and popular culture, which result of the post-war period will also play a great role in defining cultural perspectives in Nabokov and Williams' stories and characters but also in defining the American culture itself. The main characters serve as archetypes of different cultures and symbolizes the integration of Europe in the the Un... ...umbert's European ear also revises American idiom when he talk about his "west-door neighbor." (Lolita, p. 179) To conclude, both stories have a strong cultural orientation, which result from the post World War II environment, in which a crassly materialistic and insensitive industrial society followed. The postmodern assumption that human identity and thinking are the product of culture and that culture and society create individuals as well as all their thoughts and attitudes (Xenos Christian Fellowship, 2005), is clearly demonstrated by Lolita's consumerist ideals and Blanche's collapse in the new southern culture.

Craft-Oriented Objects Essay

We encounter many craft- oriented objects day to day. I do not think I really thought about how objects were made and their value in life until I received this assignment. As I was thinking about all of the things that are craft- oriented, I especially thought about things at work and my home. I actually work at a dress shop and I’ve thought about how those dresses were made. Every dress company has a location where they make their dresses, like China. Each dress is handmade and takes many hours and hard work to make. I believe this is an art of craft and has high value in a woman’s world. I also own many dresses of my own from going to prom and participating in various pageants. The next time I am wearing one of these delicate dresses I am going to take a minute to think about the hard work and long hours that it took to make my dress just for me. Another one of the many craft-oriented objects that I see and use every day is my home. My home is one of the most important places to me and it has several qualities that make it unique to me. It is amazing to think about all the hard work and the time that went in to building my house. Although my house has many craft-oriented objects in it, my house as a whole is a huge craft-oriented object in my everyday life.

Nescafe Product Type Instant Coffee Corporation - 708 Words

Nescafà © – Instant / Soluble Coffee Corporation Product Type Instant Coffee Company Owner Nestlà © Country of Origin Switzerland Initial Production 1938 Product Markets Worldwide Previous Company Owners Non-Applicable Official Website Domain https://www.nescafe.com.au/ Manufacturing Process of ‘Instant Coffee’ Instant coffee, or soluble coffee, is a crystallized or powdered beverage derived from brewed coffee beans. Instant coffee is commercially prepared by either spray drying or vacuum / freeze drying, from which a luxury nutrition item can be rehydrated. - Process 1 - Spray Drying: The coffee bean is combined with water and boiled into a liquid; the liquid coffee is sprayed through extremely hot / dry air in a fine mist. The coffee droplets cool rapidly to produce a dried powder. - Process 2 Vacuum / Freeze Drying: The coffee is brewed in an industrial plant, where the liquid is instantly frozen crystallizing the coffee through chemical sublimation. The resulting product is packaged in a crystallized form that can be reconstituted in water. Nescafe Coffee Producers and Primary Suppliers: - Coffee is produced in approximately eighty countries; South and Central America, the Caribbean, Africa and Asia. Arabica coffee - three-quarters of coffee cultivated worldwide - is sourced throughout Latin America, Central and East Africa, India and Indonesia. Robusta coffee is produced from West and Central Africa,Show MoreRelatedInternational Marketing Analysis Report For Nestle Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesNestlà © s international marketing activities and that of their key competitors. The latest trends and developments within this particular sector investigate will also be investigated. Nescafà ©, the instant coffee from Nestlà © is the most famous products of the company, therefore Nescafà © has been chosen as the company s products for the purpose of this report to conduct a thorough analysis. Within this report, United Kingdom has been chose as local and Mainland China as international. There are two comparisonRead MoreNescafe and Social Media6187 Words   |  25 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Nescafe The Brand †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Nescafe Marketing Analysis (theory implementation) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Advertising †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Corporate Social Responsibility †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Nescafe and the Social Media Social Media tips and rules †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Nescafe`s Facebook Profile †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Nescafe on Twitter †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreNestle Coffee Market Plan Essay5928 Words   |  24 Pagesenjoys a good reputation in the worl d due to the high-quality of their products. One of its famous products is Nescafe, which has over 70 year’s history and is one of the worlds leading coffee brands. Currently, the potential competitors of Nestle are Maxwell, KreisKaffee (direct brand competitors).The key strengths of Nestle are excellent quality, well-known brand with loyal consumers, the capability of scientific research, product updates and advanced management; while its weaknesses are the singleRead MoreNestle Philippines Essay1864 Words   |  8 PagesCase Analysis on Nestle Philippines I. INTRODUCTION Background of the Case Nestle was the only foreign coffee producer in the Philippines owned by Nestle S.A. of Switzerland, the largest producer and marketer of food products in the world, and San Miguel Corporation, the largest beer brewer in the Philippines. For the past decades, the coffee consumption in the country has doubled causing its sales to increase. As Nestle’s market share increases it brought pressure to the company on how willRead MoreMarketing Plan for Starbucks7012 Words   |  29 Pagescompany in the world. It was founded by three very unusual entrepreneurs, an English teacher Jerry Baldwin, History teacher Zev Siegel and a Writer Gordon Bawker. They came with this brilliant idea of getting into the coffee business inspired by an entrepreneur who sold high quality coffee beans and equipments, named Alfred Peet. The first Starbucks store was opened in Pike Market Place in Seattle on March 30, 1971. It is a for profit company. In the 1990’s the company grew at a very fast pace. StudiesRead MoreHighland Coffee Case Study5210 Words   |  21 PagesAccording to Scofield (2011), Vietnam is the second the largest coffee producer in the world which the amount goes up to thousand tons every year. Therefore, it becomes a potential market for any investors and Highlands Coffee is not an exception. Highland is a Vietnamese coffee shop chain and producer and distributor of coffee products, established in Hanoi by David Thai – a Vietnamese American in 1998. The founding of Highland Coffee Company marked the first time an Overseas Vietnamese was ableRead MoreSwot Analysis25582 Words   |  103 Pagesstudies Q 643 case studies 19 Think design and performance— think Sunbeam Cafà © Series Nicole Stegemann, School of Management and International Business, University of Western Sydney Limited, a manufacturer of pumps, filters and security products. GUD’s acquired Sunbeam in 1996. After catering for predominately female needs, it was the male population’s turn to benefit from Sunbeam’s innovations. The electric shaver—Shavemaster—was introduced to the market. Despite heavy international competitionRead MoreIndian Beverage Industry Report15071 Words   |  61 PagesGroup-----------------------------------------------------------28 †¢ Dabur India Limited-----------------------------------------------30 †¢ Red Bull------------------------------------------------------------32 †¢ Cafà © Coffee Day---------------------------------------------------34 †¢ Nestle India--------------------------------------------------------35 †¢ Tata Global Beverages Ltd----------------------------------------37 17. Major Markets Under IndianRead MoreNestles Organizational Structure5323 Words   |  22 Pagesbabies, which brought it an opportunities to spread throughout Europe. The merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company and Farine Lactee Henri Nestle gave birth to Nestle S.A as it is nowadays. Nestle first came to Vietnam in 1916 with a wide range of products that became very popular to generations in Vietnam. In 1990, it came back with an ambition of expanding business in Vietnam market, followed by the decision of setting up a representative office at Ho Chi Minh City. In order to have a comprehensiveRead MoreTrung Nguyen Coffee5015 Words   |  21 PagesMBA UBIS INTAKE 2 Case of study: Export strategy of Trung Nguyen Coffee Company I. INTRODUCTION Vietnam’s leading coffee company, Trung Nguyen is looking to turn Vietnam into a global coffee powerhouse. Coffee is a massive global market: roughly 2.5 billion cups of coffee are consumed around the world every day and sales exceeded more than $70 billion a year. Vietnam is a major player, currently the number two global exporter of coffee, behind only Brazil. However, while the country earned a record

Grauballe Man (Denmark) - European Iron Age Bog Body

The Grauballe Man is the name of an extremely well-preserved Iron Age bog body, the 2200-year-old body of a man pulled from a peat bog in central Jutland, Denmark in 1952. The body was found at depths of more than one meter (3.5 feet) of peat. The Story of Grauballe Man Grauballe Man was determined to have been about 30 years old when he died. Physical inspection indicated that although his body was in near-perfect preservation, he had been brutally murdered or sacrificed. His throat had been cut from behind so deeply that it nearly beheaded him. His skull was bludgeoned and his leg was broken. Grauballe mans body was among the earliest of objects dated by the newly invented radiocarbon dating method. After his discovery was announced, his body displayed in public and several photographs of him published in newspapers, a woman came forward and claimed that she recognized him as a peat worker she had known as a child who had disappeared on his way home from a local pub. Hair samples from the man returned conventional c14 dates between 2240-2245 RCYBP. Recent AMS radiocarbon dates (2008) returned calibrated ranges between 400-200 cal BC. Preservation Methods Initially, Grauballe man was investigated by Danish archaeologist Peter V. Glob at the National Museum of Denmark at Copenhagen. Bog bodies had been found in Denmark beginning in the first half of the 19th century. The most striking characteristic of bog bodies is their preservation, which can be close to or surpass the best of ancient mummification practices. Scientists and museum directors tried all sorts of techniques to maintain that preservation, beginning with air or oven drying. Glob had the Grauballe mans body treated to a process similar to tanning animal hides. The body was kept for 18 months in a mixture of 1/3 fresh oak, 2/3 oak bark plus a .2% of Toxinol as a disinfectant. Over that period, the concentration of Toxinol was increased and monitored. After the 18 months, the body was immersed in a bath of 10% Turkish-red oil in distilled water to avoid shrinkage. New bog body discoveries in the 21st century are kept in wet peat in refrigerated storage at 4 degrees celsius. What Scholars Have Learned Grauballe Mans stomach was removed at some point during the process, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations in 2008 discovered plant grains in the vicinity of where his stomach had been. Those grains are now interpreted as remnants of what likely was his last meal. The grains indicate that Grauballe man ate a type of gruel made from a combination of cereals and weeds, including rye (Secale cereale), knotweed (Polygonum lapathifolium), corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis), flax (Linum usitatissimum) and gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa). Post-Excavation Studies The Irish Nobel Prize-winning poet Seamus Heaney often wrote poems for and about bog bodies. The one he wrote in 1999 for Grauballe Man is quite evocative and one of my favorites. As if he had been poured / in tar, he lies / on a pillow of turf / and seems to weep. Be sure to read it yourself for free at the Poetry Foundation. The display of bog bodies has ethical issues discussed in many places in the scientific literature: Gail Hitchens article The Modern Afterlife of the Bog People published in the student archaeology journal The Posthole addresses some of these and discusses Heaney and other modern day artistic uses of bog bodies, specifically but not limited to Grauballe. Today Grauballe mans body is kept in a room at the Moesgaard Museum protected from light and temperature changes. A separate room lays out the details of his history and provides numerous CT-scanned images of his body parts; but Danish archaeologist Nina Nordstrà ¶m reports that the separate room keeping his body seems to her a calm and contemplative reburial. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com Guide to Bog Bodies and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Granite G. 2016. Understanding the death and burial of northern European bog bodies. In: Murray CA, editor. Diversity of Sacrifice: Form and Function of Sacrificial Practices in the Ancient World and Beyond. Albany: State University of New York Press. p 211-222.Hitchens G. 2009. The Modern Afterlife of the Bog People. The Post Hole 7:28-30.Karg S. 2012. Oil-rich seeds from prehistoric contexts in southern Scandinavia: Reflections on archaeobotanical records of flax, hemp, gold of pleasure, and corn spurrey. Acta Paleobotanica 52(1):17-24.Lynnerup N. 2010. Medical Imaging of Mummies and Bog Bodies – A Mini-Review. Gerontology 56(5):441-448.Mannering U, Possnert G, Heinemeier J, and Gleba M. 2010. Dating Danish textiles and skins from bog finds by means of 14C AMS. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(2):261-268.Nordstrà ¶m N. 2016. The Immortals: Prehistoric individuals as ideological and therapeutic tools in our time. In: Williams H, and Giles M, editors. Archaeologists and t he Dead: Mortuary Archaeology in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 204-232.Stà ¸dkilde-Jà ¸rgensen H, Jacobsen NO, Warncke E, and Heinemeier J. 2008. The intestines of a more than 2000 years old peat-bog man: microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging and 14C-dating. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(3):530-534.Villa C, and Lynnerup N. 2012. Hounsfield Units ranges in CT-scans of bog bodies and mummies. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 69(2):127-145.

Culturally Adapted Therapeutic Process - 2013 Words

Great strides have been made in the counseling field to promote multiculturalism, yet it is a complex endeavor and continues to meet challenges in implementation and efficacy. Challenges such as cultural encapsulation, client access to care, implementation of multicultural counseling competencies, and unique issues involved in the practice of counseling a diverse population of clients remains. Research is ongoing to determine the efficacy of culturally adapted treatments in the therapeutic process. Cultural Encapsulation A challenge in implementing culturally sensitive techniques for counselors is recognizing their biased perspectives, assumptions, and worldview. Cultural Encapsulation is the tendency of counselors to view the world†¦show more content†¦Access to Care An additional barrier to multicultural counseling is client access to care. The utilization of mental health services by minority groups is low in the United States (Smith, Domenech Rodriguez, Guillermo, 2011). The fact that minority groups underutilize mental health services is attributed to systemic issues such as lack of affordable transportation, inconvenient office hours, demographic mismatch, language barriers, economics, and lack of clinics in neighborhoods with predominately ethnic minority groups (Smith, Domenech Rodriguez, Guillermo, 2011). To address these issues, multiculturalism in the mental health services field has committed to equipping more culturally competent counselors, encouraging community-based counseling efforts for easier access, increasing bilingual and culturally diverse counselors, as well social advocacy. Despite their recognition, these challenges are difficult to remedy and remain a problem for clients of minority groups. Integration of the Multicultural Counseling Competencies Ongoing efforts to remedy inequities in counseling practices continue. One way is to train multiculturally competent counselors who are aware that a â€Å"one size fits all† approach is not effective for a diverse population of clients (Gerig, 2014). The American Psychological Association created a task force focused on

Mutual Obligations - Counseling Stages and Principles

Question: Discuss about the Mutual Obligations, Counseling Stages and Principles. Answer: Introduction: Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of mental treatment that is based on the theories laid down by Sigmund Freud. The therapy works to explore the influence of the unconscious mind on the behaviors and thoughts for offering insight for providing therapy resolution to the patient. The early childhood experiences are taken into consideration to investigate if those experiences have an influence on the life of the individual and have contributory effects to the present concerns (Peterfreund, 2016). This is a long term choice of therapy continuing even for years which depends on the exploration of the concern. Deep-seated changes are made on the emotional and personality development as the psychological challenges are assumed to be rooted on to the unconscious mind. This essay will discuss the case of Peter who is experiencing serious and frequent inter-personal conflicts at home and work. Mental health professionals have been unable to resolve his issue and therefore, he will be provided w ith the psychoanalytic therapy and the benefits from the associated modalities will be assessed. The psychoanalytic therapy for Peter will identify the problem areas that have resulted in his interpersonal conflict. The therapy will help him to overcome the hardships that have resulted as a reaction to his past relationships and obstacles (Hall, 2013). It is a common fact that the interpersonal conflicts have resulted from the emotions that were repressed due to the difficult situations. The environment of Peter is held responsible for shaping him into someone as a result of internal conflict. The conflict gets hidden behind his present self that comes out as a negative effect of his experience of the world around him. The treatment process in psychoanalytic therapy has been divided into three stages namely early, middle and late stages. The early or initiation stage will initiate the treatment for Peter where the therapist will get to know him. The danger situations, defensive maneuvers and characterological style that rule his behavior will be learned by the therapist. In this stage, therapeutic alliance is solidified and a rapport is established and Peter will be made aware of the therapy rules that include responsibilities of the therapist and the patient, reporting of dreams and free association (Dreher Sandler, 2013). The initial resistances offered by Peter to the process of treatment will be noted and will be either explored immediately or stored for any future reference. Accordingly, the early transferential responses that are exhibited by the patient will also be stored and noted for using at a futuristic stage when the past experiences of the patient have been better understood and expl ain the present transferential responses (Sanville, 2013). The therapist learns in detail the issues of interpersonal conflicts faced by Peter at home and work for determination of the suitability of the therapy and agreements are made on the mutual obligations, counseling stages and principles. The cause and symptoms are then gradually understood by the therapist. The middle stage marks the pronouncement of the treatment resistance and transference response which becomes a crucial part of the treatment process. Solidification of the working alliance can help Peter to experience the real thoughts and feelings in the present with the observation of the repetitious nature of the previous responses from the past. This stage of the treatment marks the acting through the conflicts which note the past patterns that have been repeated in the present life of Peter including them, whom he meets outside the office of the therapist and the therapist himself (Huber et al., 2013). Here, the memories of Peter are recalled which were distorted previously by the fears and wishes start to become increasingly clear. This will cause Peter to experience the wider choices present in his life as the distortions of the past will not distort his present abilities of decision making. This stage is also known as the transference and consolidation stage wherein Peter wil l transfer his feelings of the past life to the therapist and this will benefit the therapist to better understand his childhood experiences. Here, the therapist will reveal the relationship between the disease and the inner conscious desires or conflicts and provide explanations. This will cause Peter to comprehend and realize and in reaction to this, he might provide continuous resistance that will eventually have good effects to the treatment. The late phase is the termination phase which comprises the final part where the consolidation of the changes occurs with the solidification of the new behaviors. Understanding of the old patterns in the context of Peter's old and memories are made available which have been previously repressed. Interpersonal conflicts, maladaptive behavioral conflicts and conflicts with the therapist in the therapeutic situation are all resolved in this final stage (Summers, 2013). This is the resolution stage where the unconscious desires or conflicts of Peter will be consolidated and the end of treatment time will be declared. Transference might be repeated repeatedly and eventually Peter will become able to resolve his transference by himself. This will mark the end of the therapy. Critiquing the psychoanalytic approach, it can be stated that the psychoanalytic approach is a great contribution by Sigmund Freud that applied the principles of cause and effect in the human behavior. Critiques have observed this approach as a scientific construct rather than considering it as an empirical system that is observable. Constructs are necessary and convenient in dealing with the subject matters that are complicated and the explanatory scheme of Freud followed a traditional trait that looked into the cause of the behavior exhibited by an individual (Summers, 2013). This is psychoanalytic approach is all about as it constitutes a provocative and dramatic picture of psychotherapy, mental illness and personality of the individuals, suffering from external or internal conflicts and trying to survive the aggressive urges. Freud believed that human beings are not rational actors and rather they are driven by the instinctual, primitive and unconscious desires. It is a significa nt method that is being actively used in the field of psychiatry, however, several objections have been surfaced because of its lack of theoretical rigor and methodological rigidity (Vanolo, 2014). It has been pointed out by the modern psychologists that the psychoanalytic approach is excessively relied on the data ambiguities that include free associations and dreams. This Freudian theory fails to initiate the treatment standards and seems weak without empirical evidence. There have been several changes that have occurred over the time in traditional psychoanalysis as the patients now prefer a more interactive counseling experience that is carried out with the therapist. More emphasis is laid on the present problems rather than focusing on the early childhood memories. Since the concepts of psychoanalytical approach are subjective, its scientific testing is difficult (Elliott, 2015). This constitutes the situation of scientifically studying the tripartite personality or the unconscious mind. Therefore, the argument can be raised that empirical investigation of its theories and the psychodynamic perspective is unfalsifiable. A series of hypotheses are involved in the psychodynamic approach where few of them are tested easily compared to others which need more supporting evidence. Although the applied theories are not tested easily, it necessarily does not mean that it lacks strong explanatory powers. Another argument can be put forward in this regard t hat maximum evidence of the psychoanalytic approach has been derived from the case studies of Freud where a single person have been studied in detail which includes the middle-aged women belonging to Vienna (Vinnars, Frydman Dixon Barber, 2013). This aspect makes the generalization of the approach difficult on a wider population. This case study method also raises the issue of bias by the researchers where the case history of the patients is distorted to fit into the theory. The idea has also been identified as too deterministic and leaves little room for free will (Aron, 2013). However, there are few positive aspects of the psychoanalytic approach which explains behavior as it is a complete personality theory. The early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind activity are also emphasized along with the dynamic nature of the behavior. This approach can be of immense use in the psychological treatment of the mental disorders. There are several modalities that can address or overcome the limitations of the psychoanalytic approach. These are the behavior, cognitive, humanistic and holistic therapy that acts as guidelines for the psychologists for understanding their patients and the associated problems and help them to develop the solutions (Levi et al., 2015). The behavior therapy focuses on the role of the learning in the development of abnormal and normal behaviors. The cognitive therapy emphasizes on the process of thinking of the individuals rather than their actions. The humanistic therapy emphasizes on the capacity of the people for making rational choices and helps them to develop their potential to the maximum extent (Piazza-Bonin et al., 2016). Holistic or Integrative therapy helps the therapists to customize their treatment according to the individual needs of the patients and is not restricted to a single policy. Considering the interpersonal conflict of Peter, it can be stated that the modality of cognitive behavioral therapy is the best-suited modality for overcoming the limitations of psychoanalytic therapy, as discussed in the critique of the approach. This therapy is recognized as a psychosocial intervention which is a model of evidence-based practice often used for the treatment of mental disorders (Leichsenring et al., 2013). This therapy is focused on the strategies of personal coping and targets on solving the current problems by changing the undesirable cognitive patterns. It is a combination of cognitive and behavioral psychology. Since Peter is having serious problems of interpersonal conflict at work and home, the problem needs immediate intervention. As the psychoanalytic therapy requires longer term commitment, it might not provide him immediate relief and therefore, is a limitation of the applied therapy that can be overcome by a more structured modality of cognitive behaviora l therapy. Peter has also sought help from different mental health professionals but was of no use and this suggests that he has already made large investments for his treatment. The psychoanalytic approach will further add up to the burden of treatment expenses due to the length of the therapy which can be avoided with cognitive behavioral therapy as it is more affordable since it is shorter in duration. The psychoanalytic approach discusses the personal or childhood history which might be disturbing for Peter whereas cognitive behavioral therapy is more focused on the present rather than investigating the past. With the psychoanalytic approach, the treatment of Peter was based on the theoretical construct of the unconscious mind that was very difficult to prove, however, with the model of cognitive behavioral therapy, strong scientific support can be provided due to its evident effectiveness in several issues (Olatunji et al., 2013). The psychoanalytic approach requires interpretation by the therapist and therefore it lacks objectivity, however, the cognitive behavioral therapy is very much empowering as it follows the process of practical teaching techniques supported by homework which can be applied even after the conclusion of the therapy. Interpersonal conflicts of Peter can be reduced with cognitive behavioral therapy by strictly avoiding the discussion of topics which can provoke conflict. Peter should refrain from getting into arguments that can evoke anger until his therapy completes. If his daily life activities distract him from the important therapy tasks, the efficacy of the therapy might get compromised (Cahn, 2013). Interpersonal conflict is a type of stressor that can be controlled by cognitive behavioral therapy. Therefore, social support has to be provided to Peter during the course of the treatment for reducing or eliminating his interpersonal conflicts. Psychoanalytic therapy focuses on the interactions of the individual in his past so that the therapist can identify it with their present mental status. Peter is suffering from serious interpersonal conflicts which might have connections with his past. Psychoanalytic therapy will outline his thought components and how they affect his relationship with himself and others. Patterns and tendencies in the behavior of Peter will allow the therapist to recognize the reason for his interpersonal conflicts and will assess the damaging perceptions. 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