Attachment Theories in Social Work Practice

adhesiveness Theories in Social browse PracticeDemonstrating knowledge of applicable Theoretical frameworks (John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth and Vera Fahlberg), establish the altercates confront by kindly kick actors in promoting holdfast with lymph nodes in their agencies. raise should include practice examples to support your argument.IntroductionIt is the purpose of this essay to discuss the ch every last(predicate)enges faced by societal do by workers in promoting chemical bond with clients in their agencies. This essay will be down in the mouth down into triplet important percentages. Firstly, in realizeing the basics of attachment surmisal as a broad outline to the essay, secondly a consideration of attachment possible action in limited in relation to the challenges of well-disposed work, and thirdly a a great deal particular proposition consideration of attachment in relation to working(a) as a adept building block for boys aged between 12-16, which is t he specific situation faced by the author.Although the essay will be broken down into these three key argonas, it is to be expected that in that respect will be a certain amount of overlap between these three areas, and in particular than an concord of the issues face by amicable allot workers will also be present in the first section as well as the latter two sections.Understanding adhesion TheoryAttachment theory, in as far as we understand it here has come uped largely from the work of Bowlby and subsequently Ainsworth. Green (2003, p13) notes that The attachment framework has for some time now been very influential and germane(predicate) to clinicians. As a theory it has offered a systematic focusing of understanding and measuring a primary, innate need. It lays emphasis on observable interactions that specify the qualitative aspects of the inter-relationship between two people. Not only is it relevant to clinicians and also to those working on the field of social care and welfare, as it seeks to both define and to explain the relationship between a care worker and those in care, providing a framework of action and first moment of the eventual result of the transaction of care.Holmes (1993, p.67) states that attachment theory is in totality a spatial theory when I am close to my love bingle I feel good, when I am far extraneous I am anxious, sad or lonely. Many of the problems that are dealt with via the means of social care bottom be often as a result of a lack of this attachment, a disattachment as it were of the private from the spatial relationship (often, but not necessarily the mother) that has promoted this sense of wellbeing and comfort. As Simpson and Rholes (1998, p.6) indicate, attachment theory robustly demonstrates, as Steele argues, the need for a inexpugnable base. It posits our drive for a warm, safe relationship as a fundamental motivator. Well-being, in the first instance, depends on the maintenance of a undertake bond. Therefore, attachment behavior which demonstrates the lack of this bond, such as that potentially demo by childlike offenders, shows evidence of all the weakness of lack of this bond, and should be rectified.An important part of this from the social care workers perspective is an awareness of the family unit of the individual inwardly their care. This is particular the grapheme in our current take on of adolescents aged between 12-16, recognising that, as do Simpson Rholes (1998, p.101) that from an attachment point of enamour the discovery that the kidskinren who were classified as securely disposed to their mothers with psychiatric symptoms more often civilizeed later problems than did the children who were insecurely attached to symptomatic mothers. works with an understanding of the wider family situation thitherfore is of vital importance in recognising, canvass and treating those with such problems.Attachment Theory and Social Work ChallengesThere are, of course , particular challenges brought about by attachment theory in a social work setting. These raise questions that need to be answered by a social care worker in the place setting of their clients. There is this sense, already mentioned in the previous section, of the history of the client. This is not just to be dealt with by the social care worker, but will often involve a communication between the care worker in the client, for as Fahlberg (1991, p.6) notes, it is unwieldy to reverse up as a psychologically healthy adult if one is denied access to ones own history.One particular challenge in promoting attachment in terms of social work is that the clients social worker will not practically be available in a twenty four hour way in the same that perhaps the persons primary primary care provider has been in the past (although this may not have been the case at all). If the client has a number of different social care workers, this may make it very difficult to promote attachmen t if the care worker is intended to be viewed as a primary (or only) caregiver. Atwool (1997) notes that consistency in the response of the caregiver is an important factor in building secure attachments. Where the environment is chaotic and the primary caregiver is not available to the child secure attachment will not be possible. It is important in that locationfore in such situations and in the context of attachment theory, that as more than consideration is given to the availability of the caregiver as possible, and also that there should be a high level of consistency in the demeanour and action of this caregiver, if powerful and successful attachments are to be made.There may indeed be cases where a social care worker is, for umteen reasons, potentially the first secure attachment that an individual has had. This may curiously be the case in terms of adolescents who have had a difficult life thus far. Goldberg, et al. (1993, p.45) note how Ainsworth altered our understand ing of this issue, in that Ainsworth contributed the ideal of the attachment figure as a secure base from which an infant can explore the world. Social care work therefore, is a challenge, but can itself if successful provide this secure base from which clients can explore the world anew and afresh.Attachment Theory in a Secure UnitThis third section will focus more specifically on the social work challenges involved in promoting attachment in a secure unit for boys between the ages of 12-16 who are lot sentences of anywhere between one month and four years in hold. Cassidy and Shaver (1999, p.368) note that adolescent boys from father-absent homes tend to show, relative to father-present adolescents, more uncongenial attitudes toward femininity and toward women, exaggerated masculinity, and a relatively exploitative attitude toward females, with cozy contact appearing important as conquest and as a means of validating masculinity (Draper and Belsky, 1990). This will not be th e case for all such young boys, but for almost all of them there will have been a sense of disattachment, and quite likely a failure in ability to form a recital competence. This narrative competence, as described by Holmes (1993, p.9) states that securely attached children tell legitimate stories about their lives, however difficult they have been, while insecurely attached children have oft greater difficulty in narrative competence, either dismissing their past or remaining bogged down in it, and in neither case being able to talk objectively about it. start out of the role therefore of social care work in this context is to begin the process of developing this narrative competence while enabling attachment to gradually take place at a much stronger level than it has done before. We now understand that attachment is so much more than just between two people, but that people develop multiple attachments. In the context of the secure unit therefore, it is important to develop t he attachments not only between the adolescent and the social care worker, but also to do as much possible to promote the attachments within the family unit. Clearly depending on the history and nature of the family, this may not be practical, but where it can be done, it should be attempted, and can be a major key in breaking the cycle of criminal activity. Holmes (1993, p.66) states that secure attachment provides an external ring of psychological protection which maintains the childs metabolism in a stable state, similar to the internal physiological homeostatic mechanisms of blood-pressure and temperature control.For those 12-16 yr old boys, they are at the cusp of their childhood attachments and towards making attachments as adults, and they should be taught and shown by modelling behaviour how to achieve these secure attachments and to improve their lives. Providing the correct environment is vital, as detention can be seen as a fearful place for young minds. Ainsworth, et a l. (1978, p.20) state how crucial it is in a potentially fear-arousing situation to be with a certain(p) companion, for with such a companion fear of all kinds of situation diminishes, whereas when alone fear is magnified. Attachment figures are ones most trusted companions.ConclusionWe have considered therefore, a basic understanding of attachment theory, as well as applying it in a wider sense to social care work. We have also considered some specific challenges of application of attachment theory in the case of a secure unit of young offenders. Attachment theory has much to offer social care work, but there are also challenges in promoting attachment in a social care setting.BIBLIOGRAPHYAinsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E. Wall, S., 1978, Patterns of Attachment A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. new-sprung(prenominal) Jersey Lawrence ErlbaumAtwool, N, 2003. Attachment as a Context for maturement Challenges and Issues uncommitted at http//www.thelizlibrary.o rg/liz/attachment.html Accessed 25th October 2008.Cassidy, J. Shaver, P.R., 1999, Handbook of Attachment Theory, Research, and clinical Applications. tonic York GuilfordFahlberg, V.I., 1991, A Childs Journey Through Placement. Indianapolis Perspective PressGreen, V., 2003, Emotional Development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience Creating Connections. New York Brunner-RoutledgeGoldberg, S. Muir, R. Kerr, J., 1993, Attachment Theory Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives. New York RoutledgeHolmes, J., 1993, John Bowlby and Attachment Theory. London RoutledgeHowe, D., 1995, Attachment Theory in Social Work Practice. London Palgrave MacmillanSimpson, J.A. Rholes, W.S., 1998, Attachment Theory and Close Relationships. New York Guilford

HRM Activities in Tesco

HRM Activities in TescoIn each organization, the most authoritative as f ar is its employees though it whitethorn or may not be profit-oriented. So the most complicated task is to sleep with the kind beings resource. Today, in the rapid promotional material of technology, sympathetic Resource is unavoidable. No machines ass replace Human Resource in utilization the open resources effectively. In this competitive grocery, each organization ensures that it has an effective and efficient Human Resource Development that supports to happen upon e actually objective. The HR use full treatment very sullen in utilization of every available clement resource to realize the organizations by linking it with the policies and scheme. The HR department besides assistants the employs determine and respect the values of the organization by constantly conducting activities that involve the employee from every level in the organization. each bragging(a) scale firm activeness p osits to be supported by disparate departments blendd into genius which leads to as a group activity and finally it becomes a matching activity carried turn out at motley levels to secure the organisational goal. Therefore, these strategic objectives idler be get hold ofd only with effective charitable resources management which is controlled by HR department. In the assignment, we fetch given to carry out research into the HR policies carried out by Tesco.COMPANY PROFILETesco is the biggest super market in UK. It has been dominating in British retail sector with domestic market sh atomic number 18 and global sales. It initially caters in food and later grow its area of business similar clothing, electronics, financial services and telecom. So the Tescos has set up the store viz. Tesco extra, Tesco metro and Tesco express in pose to meet the guests needs.Since Tesco is considered a one stop retail outlet that has cover every segment of market in the country and it sh ows Tesco has a undischarged number of manpower.This shows how the HR strategy has been implemented.HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT triple key HRM activities carried out by Tesco areenlisting and consecrate revision. education and phylogenesis.Providing healthy mold atmosphere.(See appendix-1)Recruitment, culture and healthy realize environment are the three key HRM activities carried out by Tesco which I would like to discuss.Recruitment is the work out of new employment which is consists of important travel. Some of the important steps involved in recruitment are call for application, criteria allocation, short listing, interview, hire negotiation and offer of employment. Its all about acquiring more human resource as per requirement which can be met in diametrical ship canal like open day recruitment, application through get website, from agencies on contractual basis, interview from campus and finally internal hypothecate posting (IJP). Every job offer should be incomplia nce with the rules and regulations. Some of the important rules and regulations areEqual Pay Act (1970).Sex Discrimination Act (1975), lavation Relations Act (1976),Disability Discrimination Act (1995),Employment vindication Act (1978).Tesco plc is one of the organizations in the UK that follows very strict bit of recruitment with awake of various acts. Every different position has its own anomalous procedure. Most of the selection is done through online system like guest support agent and its immediate higher level appointments and so on. out front whatever direct interview the expectation is short listed by an online procedure by general aptitude test. Then those who pass the test are called for interview thereby saving time and energy from both sides. aspire application is also available in store which helps in the very(prenominal) way. For higher management positions, there are a few ways like appointing external agencies and direct reputed institutions and also thro ugh internal job posting.Once the dear candidate is selected the bordering process is prepare where the say-so of candidate is transformed with the help of available resource to convert them into trite employee. Generally there are two types of study available namely process learning where the candidate is made aware of the process his/her duties. The sulphur is on the job fostering. This is carried further once management feels that employee is able take a shit his responsibilities. So every step is carefully studied and overlooked by HR department in order to ensure the efficiency.Every large scale organization cans training to their employees so does the Tesco plc. Tesco plc ensures that new employee is carefully nested into the organization. They provide training with a hire options and other facilities to the fulltime employees. Tesco plc always demands proficiency among its employees. It also carries out the different programmes like personality development and car eer advancement options available from time-to time in order boost their morale.Providing healthy work atmosphere is some other challenge for the HR department. As we know the reality is global village so we can see multicultural parliamentary law and it is not easy for them to mix into the crowd that they may feel not welcoming. So the HR department duties to cultivate sure these things are discussed and evaluated among the employees before they come on board. Personal Health and rubber eraser is also important issues which needs to addressed by the HR department very cautiously. go work environment encourage employees to perform their best and to provide offend work atmosphere is another challenge for any organization. Tesco plc is aware of this fact. So it ensures that every single employee is aware of his/her rights within the organization. Tesco plc provides more opportunities like half-time and weekend jobs where most of the students are encouraged to work. Though it can be complicated but Tesco plc ensures that this is carried out carefully with the help of HR department. It is the business of HR department to ensure that proper shifts are allocated and there is no confusion among the employee. So these are the reoccurring issues which HR team have to manage it with great care. Tesco plc prohibited the consumption of alcohol and other related products within the premises in order to ensure the safe working atmosphere. This reflects the faculty and vision of Tesco plc to provide best work conditions for its employees.Assessing the effectiveness of the Tesco ApproachIn the era of globalization, every organization like Tesco plc must keep itself on with other organizations on being globally competitive. So employee involved in the organization must be competitive so that they can achieve competitive advantage. The analytic thinking of HR management is based on the different activities carried out. The different activities of HRM that are g oing to be analysed here are recruitment, training and safety. Tesco plc is one of those organizations that thrive for node satisfaction and retention. Providing the best prices to stop the customer going anywhere else is the main objective of Tesco plc. For this, Tesco needs to be aware of prices, quality of products, facilities and most important is customer service. For better customer service, the employees need to be trained time-to time. Not every employee joins the company with ample lie with and customer skills. So they need to be essential from scratch for a few. Tesco plc is providing employment to students and other part time employees which could help to regulate approach of production. This is vital factor since Tesco plc trying to reduce cost by introducing customer new low price products. It also encourages employee to work close to their homes in order to save the time which makes life easy for all. In access to these, employees are allowed to opt for transfer t hat volition help to keep trustworthy to the organization i.e. low labour turnover.Training employees reveals the involvement and dedication of any HR department of organization. Training is cost incurring process which is elusive to afford once it is not utilised economically. So the HR department has to be careful in providing the right training to the right candidate in the organization. As earlier discussed, training could be of two types i.e. process training and on the job training. The main components of Tesco plc training procedure areCore skills programme fundamental training which helps to deal with customer.Winning in Europe- designed especially for countries other than UK.Excel programme- ranges from fundamental to manger training programme.Training procedure is carried out to perfection in the Tesco. Training with pay and training alongside senior experienced employees provide the best work atmosphere for the best performances. Tescos long-term strategy is to contin ue with training to employee and to integrate this into culture of the organization. So it always emphasis on staff training and to integrate this learning in the organization. So when employees are trained and show a higher trueness to the organization which make them feel as part of the boilersuit strategy. Finally, this leads employees feel valued and results a more move workforceSafety at work is criteria that Tesco management insists to be accounted for in the best possible means. Disaster management and other safety training are provided to employee at no extra charges. This is the contribution that organization makes to the benefits of employees career, a certain advantage. Prohibition of intake of any alcohol related products or any form or drugs unless prescribed by doctor is another step taken by Tesco plc to ensure safety of fellow employee and the customer.deuce HRM setFor any organization to perform its task efficiently and achieve its common objectives, the good d eal are the utmost important resources to the management. The two approaches have been developed namely hard approach and batty approach. There are two exemplifications of activity has developed which I would like discuss in relation to Tesco plc. They are as followsHarvard mannequinMichigan assumeThe Harvard model was developed in the year 1984 by group of academics. This model is also referred as soft HRM which emphasizes on more human side. According to this model human are not only resources but also a human. There are four main HR policies which are very important in order to deal with people. Firstly there is employee-influence which is comprehensive of power, delegation and responsibility with purpose and interest of management. The second is the element of human resources flow i.e. recruitment, selection, placement and promotion, job security, career advancement and termination of employment. The next is rewarding system such as pay and motivation like bonuses, insuran ces and flexible working hour. The reward should be always align with the overall organisational strategy. Finally work system which deals with the arrangements of people, information and technology i.e. right man in right job with depending upon the skills.(See appendix-2)The Michigan model was developed by Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna in the year 1984. This model is known as hard HRM which is focus on human resource which should be used and used fully in order to achieve organizational goals. Here people are treated as a means of achieving the organizations strategy. It also assumes that HRM leave behind respond to the external and internal environment. Basically this model concentrates on managing human assets by motivating and rewarding them in order to achieve companys goal.(See appendix-3)The Harvard model emphasizes on human formulation with HR elements and is considered as the soft aspects of HRM. The soft aspect of HRM is related with human relation whereas the hard aspect is seen as emerging from the business strategy and policy. On the other hand, the Michigan model focused on the human resources strategies and structures in order to improve the companys performances. It considers human resources as key resource of the organization.These two models are the most ordinarily use HRM models in business today. Based upon the above analysis it can be concluded that the soft model is advisable to be effective within the service sector while manufacturing sector would be better to use the Michigan model of HRM for increased production.Tesco and its Approach towards HRMTescos approach towards its HR policies and practices demonstrated the both approaches i.e. soft and hard version of HRM. Tesco is continuously range on human resources i.e. employees empowerment, participation of employee in management. Tesco also ensures that each employee has the fortune to understand his or her individual government agency in contributing to the its centerfield purpo se and values which require commitment with an innovative induction programme. Tescos human-resources strategy revolves around work simplification, challenging unwritten rules, achieving steering-wheel targets. It also emphasise on higher level of training to all employees which results in higher commitment to the organization.This highlights the way in which Tescos business measures are closely linked to hard and soft version of HRMCritical analysis of HR performance at TescoAnalysis of performance of any process plays a key role in the development of any organization. As a result of this analysis, various HR excogitations and policies can be evaluated in order to find out the effectiveness i.e. drawbacks. Recruitment, training and development of employee calibre and also providing best working condition with suitable growth opportunities has been met with high standard. Apart from these, keeping tip of the best performance of employee and providing them with opportunity for over all growth and retaining them has been carried out successfully. The analysis shows that the HR department has been performing to the required level of standard in the existing market. We can see the Tesco plc management style of recruitment is grueling enough in order to maintain low cost with exceedingly effective training which consists of senior employees as well. Tesco plc also have been utilise the external agencies to recruit the employees in order to ensures quality recruitment. Tesco plc ensures the employee is recruited in lines with the issue minimum wages or above minimum wages to pay. They also offer the job to those student who wants to work as a part time or weekends which would meet both i.e. organization and student goal.Every employee is aware of his/ her positions and duties to be carried on which is primary activity of HR department. A job description is handed out in order to make aware of task to be performed by each individual employee. The payment procedu re is also responsibility of HR department and Tesco ensures that they follow the interior(a) minimum wages act. And also there is an alternative feature that is biyearly increment in the payment and evaluation based on the performance. Safety of the employee is the prime concern for the HR of Tesco plc which is met with extreme cautiously. They are trained to help themselves in the event of any unfortunate incidents or accidents like fuel or theft. This is all to ensure safety among the employee and establish morale. This kind of Tescos order really helps the individual learning preference.This further complicates the role of HRD, balancing organizational needs with the individuals expectations. Employees will vary from each other. So its HR debt instrument to organize right people in right job and this will help to sustain competitive advantage.CONCLUSIONThe role of human resources in any organization is very crucial in order to achieve organizational goal. The study of Tesco s HR policies has focused on level of training provided to all employees i.e. an effect in the bottom line which leads to more commitment among the employees. The study carried out on the different activities of a general HR department and that of Tescos explain that Tesco has been highly successful in implementing the suitable plan and programme. So this helped Tescos to increase their market share and retail units over the geezerhood which have been achieved partly through effective HR department although it is not sole factor in their path to success but it has sure as shooting been a major factor of Tesco plc.APPENDICESAppendix-1Human Resources ActivitiesCUsersshahi kingDesktophrm activities.gifAdapted http//www.bized.co.ukAppendix-2http//www.africancentreforcommunity.com/ scoop out%20Perspectives%20to%20human%20resource%20management%20by%20Arrey%20Mbongaya%20Ivo-Dateien/image005.jpgFigure 1 Harvard model HRM cycle, source Beer et al, 1984, it works on commitment, congruence, competence and cost effectivenessAppendix-2http//www.africancentreforcommunity.com/Best%20Perspectives%20to%20human%20resource%20management%20by%20Arrey%20Mbongaya%20Ivo-Dateien/image007.jpgFigure.2 The Michigan model, source Fombrun, Tichy Devanna, 1984. HRM cycle selection, appraisal, rewards development increase organisational performance

Child Soldiers Essay

churl S step forward of dateiers belowtakeWhat is a kidskin soldier?Is using Child Soldiers re completelyy ok? Some may say that its al effective to use pincer spends maculation others be probeing to stop some countries in our existence from using minorren as spends.Child soldiers atomic number 18 cosmos use in our beingness today, these tykeren be used to be spies, decoys, cooks, in the front lines of the battles and the girls argon many times used as sex slaves. To become a boor soldier many times the pip-squeakren are kidnapped from their theaters and strained to toss off their own family so they wont crop up a home to return to. Many great deal in our world today do non agree with militaries using fryren to guard battles because it is ruining the lives boorren and also it is non fair to put a minor fighting against a freehanded man or woman. The United Nations or the UN is trying to put a stop to children being used as soldiers and they exh aust made a goal to gift no child soldiers in the world by 2016. Many people gestate that using child soldiers is very unconventional and messed up, yet some countries use children as soldiers. The number of children being used as soldiers in our world has been growing every year. In our world today the number of child soldiers being used in contends is fold up to 250, 000 children. Of all the child soldier in this world ab extinct 60% of them are boys and some 40% are girls. Back in the old days when guns were non as popular as they are in todays world, child soldiers were not as popular. They werent as popular because the weapons used during wars were swords or large knifes which were a roach too intemperate for a child to use against an enemy and would not remove a chance against an actual adult soldier. Although in our world today the child soldiers are adequate to(p) to use assault rifles that are spark profuse for a child to handle. The assault rifles that are c ommonly found being used by the child soldiers are the M16 and the AK47 because these weapons are very light as well as very simple to operate. These weapons are so simple to use that a child soldier at an compass along with of 10 years old faeces disassemble and reassemble it in a matter of minutes. Groups allow use child soldiers during wars because nobody in the world wants to pull down a child during a war.The reason children are used as soldiers is because they are very easy to brainwash and manipulate. When an regular soldiers or host has a child as a soldier they do not need to pay the child as lots as they would provoke to pay adults in the military. Children also have not developed a full sense of danger so the multitude does not need to worry very very much about the children foot race a right smart from the battle. Since the children do not eat as much as adults the army does not need to spend a lot of specie on food. Another reason militaries like to use ch ildren as soldiers is because they usher out be used as spies or stock-still decoys because children can much easily blend into a crowd than an adult spy could because almost people look at a child and dont conceive they could do any harm to anyone or be an enemy.Children are very vulnerable to farmment by collections or armies if they are not educated, poor, not with a family, or they live in a war zone. Many children do not volunteer to join these militaries that have child soldiers but instead they have been forcibly recruited by the militaries. Even though many g overnments have declared that using children as a soldier is illegal, rebel conferences and armies until now use children as soldiers. Many times in todays world children are abducted from their homes and these children mainly come out of the lands poorest vill dayss and cities. A village may be constrained to give a required number of their children to the army or group and in return they would be safe from any attacks by that army or group a tactic that was made popular by the Lords Resistance Army which, is a rebel group that originated in Uganda that is known for using children as soldiers. Some children would be hale by their parents to volunteer because the parents could afford to pay for the food and shelter of their children, so if the children went into one of these armies consequently the child would at least be able to have food and water. Sometimes, the group will say that if the child joins the army then the child will be granted protection, food, and even defrayment but, most of the time the children arent given everything they were told they would get.When soldiers are going to go and get new child soldier recruits they many times piddle the child vote out a member of their own family so then they would not be able to back to their family. Once recruited, children undergo varying degrees of indoctrination, often verging on the savage..Some rebel groups in Cambodia an d Mozambique turned children into impetuous warriors by subjecting them to a brief period of terror and natural horrorsocializing them into violence. Since many of these children have been prohibit by their village, have been savage beaten both physically and mentally as well as being drugged multiple times, they are able to go to unalike villages and do the same thing to other children and recruit them because they have been brainwashed. Girls are used as well but not found as often in the gun fights like the boys. The girls are instead mainly used as cooks and fetching water for the soldiers. Unfortunately the young girls are very vulnerable there for they are often used for internal pleasures by the soldiers. (Children as Soldiers.Children as Soldiers. UNICEF, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014).The effects on the children later on what they have done and been through will stick with them longer than it took their physical scars to heal and for them to recover from their drug addicti ons. Many of these children dont think anything of the violent acts they commit, whether that is beating someone or cleaning someone they do not see what they are doing is wrong. This can damage the childs brain for the rest of their purport because when they were committing all of the violence, their brain was in its develop stages. Even when the children that were one of the child soldiers have escaped or rophy free, the children cannot return back to the their villages and families because they have been outlawed by their community. These children have been outlawed from their village because when the children were being recruited for the army they had to pull down a family member of theirs in order to join. A untroubled amount of the girls that are child soldiers cant return to their villages because while they were a child soldier they became significant from one of the soldiers and now have a baby, which their village would not leave alone inside the village. Almost al l of the child soldiers have little or no education since they missed so many years of civilise in the early years of their life. Since they do not have much of an education they do not have a very undimmed future ahead of them so they will go back to these groups that sooner recruited them so that they will at least be able to have food and water.In June 2013 the UN set a goal to have no child soldiers anywhere in the world by 2016.There are 8 Government armies listed for the recruitment and use of children and six of them have already committed to making their armies childfree. In 2012, South Sudan, Myanmar, Somalia and the Democratic Republic of congou tea signed action plans with the United Nations. The previous year, Afghanistan and Chad made similar commitments. Discussions initiated with the Governments of Yemen and Sudan are expected to get going to action plans in the near future. Even though most of these governments have outlawed the use of children as soldiers, r ebel groups in spite of appearance these countries will still continue to use children as soldiers, (Child Soldiers. Child Soldiers. state of war Child, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2014).The Child Soldiers International is a group of people from nearly the world that are working together to make sure that all children under the age of 18 are allowed to live in peace, have their rights and grow up in an area where they can thrive and get to their full potential. They believe that if this is to happen then children must be defend from being in any form of military and stay out of the wars. Child Soldiers International says that a child is anyone under the age of 18 years old also these children must be protected because they are in their most important developmental stages of their lives, where they develop what is morally right or wrong and maturity both physically and psychologically. This international group has set an international law stating that a child under the age of 18 cannot be recruited to be in any form of military or fortify group.The use of children through both civil wars and country wars has been obvious over the years. Many times the leading of these groups and armies give the children dishonorable hopes and promises, the children are drugged to kill other people and even kill their own family. Even though using children as soldiers is looked down upon people in our world dont see the harm it does to the children, they scarcely look at how the children will help them. Despite this, in the shoemakers last ten years over two million children have been killed, over one million orphaned, over six million have been remaining seriously injured or permanently disabled and over 10 million have been diagnosed with psychological trauma. There are two careens when it comes down to the topic of whether child soldiers should be held responsible for their violent acts, (Child Soldiers Invisible Children Child Soldiers- be the Topic. Child Soldiers Invis ible Children. Weebly, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2014).One side of the argument says that child soldiers should not be help responsible for their actions. They should not be held accountable because many of them did not have a choice of whether or not they wanted to become a child soldier. Also while they were child soldiers they were brainwashed through the use of drugs. The drugs would allow the child soldier to commit violent acts and not think acts were wrong. Some children would join to get food and water but never would have thought that they would have to do any actual fighting.The other side of the argument is that child soldiers should be held responsible for the violent acts they have committed. Some believe that child criminals and child soldiers are the same thing in a way and should be treated the same and be prosecuted. Child soldiers have been accountable for some of the most disturbing, brutal, and violent acts during a time of war, for example raping and killing large amoun ts of innocent people in villages and cities. Child soldiers are still being put in jail and put on trial, even though International Criminal Court Article 26 states that anyone under the age of 18 may not be prosecuted in a court of law. It would be a lie to say that all child soldiers are oblige to fight because some child soldiers join the fight because they want to avenge a family members death. If a child is not forced to become a soldier but joins by free will then that child should be taken into custody because this child still what they were doing and that it was wrong. Some believe that it is not right to the victims of the child soldiers if the children are in effect(p) allowed to walk free. If child soldiers did not have to be prosecuted for their crimes then their leaders would most likely make the children do all the crimes against others since the children will not be charged with anything.In our world today everyone has different opinions about whether or not child soldiers should be held accountable for their violent acts. The Children and referee During and in the Aftermath of fortify Conflict report says If a child under the age of 15 is considered too young to fight, then he or she must also be considered too young to be held criminally responsible for serious violations of IHL while associated with armed forces or armed groups. Children are recruited so much to be a soldier because they are very easily manipulated and intimidated. The children are to young to understand what the consequences of their actions can lead to, in other words they havent developed much mental maturity. All of the drugs that are used on the children does a lot of mental damage because their frontal lobes which controls what decisions to make is being significantly disgraced and will not develop right. Radhika Coomaraswamy, SRSG for child soldiers, said, If minor children who have committed serious war crimes are not prosecuted, this could be an incentive for their commanders to show to them the dirtiest orders, aiming at impunity, ( Humanitarian News and Analysis. IRINnews. IRIN, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2014).In my opinion, I believe that child soldiers should not be held accountable for the violent acts. I have erudite that child soldiers are many times kidnapped from their families and forced to kill a family member and are given many false hopes from their leaders. The child soldiers are drugged and brainwashed so that they can go about and kill innocent people as well as recruit more children like themselves. I believe that any individual, especially a child, should not be prosecuted for their violent acts because they were not aware(predicate) of whether what they were doing was right or wrong. I believe there is a difference in a child criminal and a child soldier because a child criminal is making a decision themselves and are completely aware of that they are doing, while a child soldier does not. For example, lets say a 10 year old boy kills his baby brother by drowning him in the tub. The 10 year old boy would be considered a child criminal and should be prosecuted because the boy was not forced to kill his baby brother. Now if a child soldier has killed another person then I do not think they should be persecuted because they were forced to commit the violent act. Instead the child soldier should have to go through rehab. The Truth and Reconciliation Commissions and Disarmament is a much breach way of helping children recover from their violent acts as a soldier so that they can go back out into the real world. Rehab programs have been proven to be successful when it comes to people recovering from war. A good example of someone that was a child soldier in sierra Leone and went through rehab when he was rescued is Ishmael Beah, the author of A huge Way gone. At age sixteen, he was removed from fighting by UNICEF, and through the help of the staff at his rehabilitation center, he learned how to forgive himself, to regain his humanity, and, finally, to heal, (Beah, Ishmael. A Long Way Gone Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007. Print).A child soldier has a very rough and confusing life. A child soldier begins without having a family or village anymore because they have been outlawed due to killing a family member. The children are drugged and are forced to commit the most brutal acts of violence such as, raping and killing innocent people. Some say that child soldiers should be prosecuted due to the violent acts they have committed but, most of these children did not even understand what they were doing when committing the crimes. No child should have to kill to survive, if they try to escape the horror that surrounds them then they are killed. Our world today necessarily to make a huge effort to stop the use of children as soldiers because it is not right to ruin a childs life for something they do not even understand.BibliographyBeah, Ishmael. A Lon g Way Gone Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007. Print.Cambridge Journals Online The Journal of Modern African Studies twinge Children of War Child Soldiers as Victims and Participants in the Sudan Civil War by C. Ryan London I.B. Tauris, 2012. Pp. 320. 59.50 (hbk). Cambridge Journals Online The Journal of Modern African Studies Abstract Children of War Child Soldiers as Victims and Participants in the Sudan Civil War by C. Ryan London I.B. Tauris, 2012. Pp. 320. 59.50 (hbk). Cambridge University Press, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.Child Soldiers. Child Soldiers. War Child, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2014.Child Soldiers Invisible Children Child Soldiers- Defining the Topic. Child Soldiers Invisible Children. Weebly, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2014.Dixon, Robyn. Former Sierra Leone Child Soldier Helps Other Victims. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 30 Aug. 2012. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.Government Forces Commit to End recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers. United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the SecretaryGeneral for Children and Armed Conflict. United Nations, 17 June 2013. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.Humanitarian News and Analysis. IRINnews. IRIN, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.

Companies In Controversial Industries Management Essay

Companies In Controversial Industries Management seeIs it possible for companies in controversial industries to be geni tout ensembley prudent for(p) if their crossings argon detri noetic to human worlds and the environment. Many claim it is impossible for them to be socially trustworthy be form their CSR will always be an inherent contradiction since their growth soak up goal is at odds with the aims of public wellspringness policies. However as these companies already pick up a bad reputation, they allow no motivation to be associated with doing good in order to boost sales. Hence when they lock away in CSR, it could mean that they ar attested CSR practitioners. This paper examines CSR of firms in intoxicant, baccy plant and gambling industries and determines whether they can be socially trusty through their CSR murder by using porter and Kramers apprehension of divided care for. However small-arm assessing any motives companies whitethorn gull to determ ine whether they are authenticly interested in CSR, it whitethorn be presumptuous or even dirty to these companies to assume their motives based on the consequences of their actions. Also, the flak used to determine whether the companies swallow been socially accountable may be too narrow. Nonetheless, companies bespeak non begin the best intentions for the order of magnitude to be socially responsible.IntroductionAt the mention of controversial industries such(prenominal) as alcohol and tobacco plant industries, nearly may be quick to adjudicate that these industries cannot be socially responsible since they are producing goods that are detrimental to human cosmoss and the environment. Even when firms in these industries give Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), some may still square up it difficult to start regarding them as being socially responsible.The motive in arrears these companies for practicing CSR is withal lots disputed over. As these firms already have a bad reputation, they need not be associated with doing good for consumers to demand for their outputs, unconnected inherently good companies. When these firms radiation pattern CSR, does it then mean that they genuinely have the auberges welfare at heart? Or could they be doing CSR as a way of obscuring their questionable business and stumbleing social acceptance?Keeping these arguments in mind, we will now look at specific firms in alcohol, tobacco and gambling industries and their CSR practices in give wayicular to evaluate the possible incentives behind their CSR initiatives as well as to determine whether they can be socially responsible through their CSR implementation. In consideration of the controversies of CSR, in particular, the view that CSR should be conducted in such as a way that it makes both the familiarity and the owners of the firm, or else than only one side of the parties, we will be using porters beer and Kramers concept of shared pass judgmen t to decide whether a corporation is socially responsible. This requires firms to adopt CSR practices that concurrently derive the order of magnitude and the owners of the firm, by giveressing societal weaknesses or prices while improving the financial performance of the firm, to be socially responsible. intoxicantAlcohol is an important risk broker for disease. It has implications in birth defects, cases of aggress and family abandon, alcoholism-related abuse, traffic accidents, reduced workplace productivity and lower life expectation (Collins Lapsley, 2008 WHO, 2011). Consumption of alcohol is estimated to cost the American society a reverenceen $223.5 one million million million/year in health care, road-related accidents, reduced workplace productivity, violence and crime in 2007 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In comparison, federal alcohol tax revenue only amounted to $9.3 billion/year in 2007 (Congressional work bulge Office).Case StudyTake Diage o for instance. It is the worlds largest manufacturing business of spirits and an influential producer of beer and wine. It has 59 brands including Johnnie Walker and Guinness, two of the best-known brands of alcohol, under its portfolio. It generates $25 billion in sales revenue yearly.Diageo uses public awareness campaigns as part of its CSR initiative. It creates notifyments that educate drinking responsibly, including those aimed at discouraging excessive drinking, drink driveway as well as underage drinking. However, these may have been the companys elusive attempts at bypassing regulations to advertise its alcoholic beverages to consumers.In Diageos the choice is yours campaign in 2008, it has also verbalizeed the message that overdrinking would inevitably lead to social disapproval, such as the embarrassing consequences of being thrown out of clubs. However, the University of Bath has found that such incidents are actually perceived as fun by youths (EUCAM, 2009), place the think effect of the campaign into question. Furthermore, the website of the campaign highlights the logos of Diageo drinks, casting doubts on whether it may have been aimed at advertising the companys alcoholic beverages to the consumers.The company also has campaigns that are aimed at extend toing out to minors in schools. By claiming that they are contributing solutions to alcohol-related problems, the company is able to stress out to a target audience that they would oppositewise not be able to reach due to alcohol marketing regulations. By using CSR as marketing gimmicks to make greater profits, the company has failed to manifest itself as a genuine CSR practitioner who does not have the societys best interests at heart when carrying out CSR practices.However, Diageo is making improvements to its unified governance and has created a multi-prong strategy to pick out care of the interests of all its stakeholders. This year, it has reduced 9.4% of carbon emission in spit e of its increase production and has increased water efficiency by 20% in Uganda through its implementation of better water recovery systems. In addition, it has organised internal DRINKiQ workshops to educate employees on responsible drinking. It also conducts independent audits on its suppliers with issues relating to health, safety and hygiene, working hours and wages. It also lets a confidential whistleblowing service, SpeakUp, to allow anyone who has coif across a breach of its Code to report it. This ensures that Diageos Code of go on is strictly adhered to.Looking at the various Diageos CSR initiatives and going back to Porter and Kramers concept of shared value, Diageo would be considered a socially responsible company. by means of its public awareness campaigns that concurrently discourage excessive drinking and advertise its brand of alcoholic beverages, the company is able to reduce the societal harm of its products and improve the profitability of the firm at the s ame time, although the effectiveness and the intended effect of the campaigns may be questionable. The implementation of better water recovery systems could also help the company save cost. These show that Diageo is a socially responsible company.TobaccoThe health effects of tobacco have pine been known. Smoking in particular is a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary heart disease, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease and cancer. Each year, 6 million deaths are caused by the inlet of tobacco smoke. The irony becomes salient when tobacco becomes the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. With products deemed universally harmful allowed for sale, can tobacco companies be socially responsible?Case StudyAltria Group Inc. is one of the largest tobacco companies in the world. It is a pioneer of the tobacco corporate function dejection in the late 1990s. Recently, it has come out tops in social responsibility rankings, placing 1 5th on CR Magazines 100 best corporate citizens list and 4th in Fortune magazine.Altria has implemented a comprehensive examination corporate responsibility program targeting nine specific issues tobacco product management, marketing practices, combating il lawful trade, environmental management, sustainable agriculture, supply chain responsibility, employees, put in companies and governance and compliance. Despite the multi-faceted approach, its CSR practices have been a subject of continual criticism, with critics questioning their motivations behind the acts of responsibility. Most argument centers on tobacco product management and marketing practices.Over the years, Altria has sought to manage its tobacco product issues and marketing practices as ethically as possible. They voluntarily communicate health effects with transparency, including health warnings on all its packages and websites. They undertake research and phylogenesis in developing products with lower risks and al so actively partner and get together with governments in support of cessation. In marketing practices, they voluntarily limit their reach of marketing to unintended audiences. Based on their actions, we can see the example duty that Altria has undertaken as a company.Critics however argue against the motivation of their CSR, caren it to the washing of blood money. Some even argue that it is used as a sword and shield against product issues (Friedman, 2009). Yet it can also be seen as an atonement of sin. The term blood money seems to convey a form of coercion or illegal means to gain, provided from how Altria practices its CSR, we can distinctly see their admittance to liability, transparency and the absence of coercion. Ironically, Altria has been embarking on initiatives to discourage people from smoking, which is counterintuitive of a profit-oriented business model. This seems to highlight the driving force Altria has undertaken as a moral duty to doing right what it has d one wrong, clearly fulfilling Kantian and even virtue ethics, and is a display of an ethical practice of social responsibility.Critics also argue that CSR allows tobacco companies to improve their image, leveraging CSR to add value to the otherwise evil company, thereby concluding that such a motivation may be of a selfish cause. However, unlike other corporations with the freedom of liberal marketing practices, tobacco companies including Altria undergo some of the strictest regulations on advertising and marketing. In fact, the company is creating advertisements that devalue its products, essentially decreasing the companys value further. There seems to be no tangible benefit for their bottom line with the implementation of CSR instead, a greater amount of losses are being incurred. This thus further support the ethical motivation behind their CSR practices, as not much value can be leveraged off CSR for the benefit of the companys overall bottom-line.It is evident that a tobacco companys CSR does fulfill Porter and Kramers concept of shared value for both the company and society. However, it is more of a transactional value rather than a transformational one (Palazzo Richter, 2005), after all if tobacco companies in truth want to change society, the greatest impact will come from its conscious demise. Therefore, it is justified for tobacco companies to do CSR, but it will never be able to transform or make good itself.casinoCasinos, like tobacco and alcohol, have contributed to a range of social and economic harms to the society (Hancock, Schellinck Schrans, 2008), with the most apparent social impact being the increase in problem gambling. It has been estimated that 1.2% of U.S. adults are pathological gamblers and another 1.5% are problem gamblers at some point of their watchs, with the likelihood doubling for people living at heart 50 miles of a casino (Community Research Partners, 2010). Problem gambling impacts peoples lives in many negative and consequential ways this includes unemployment, poor physical and mental health, risked social relationships as well as increased crimes (Community Research Partners, 2010). bighearted sums of social costs, including those spent on bankruptcies, imprisonments and divorces have to be spent each year as a result of these impacts.Case StudyCaesars recreation Corporation is the largest gaming company in the world with $8.83 billion in revenue in 2011. The company has carried out CSR extensively. It launched its comprehensive sustainability program, the CodeGreen, in 2004 and has displayed a strong commitment to achieving a broad set of sustainability goals for carbon emissions reduction, vigor conservation, water consumption as well as waste recycling. Harrahs Lake Tahoe Casino and Harveys Lake Tahoe Casino, two of the companys casinos, have motherd the prestigious notes Certification from Travelife, a certification body that recognizes companies within the tourism industry that ad opt sustainable practices. Only four U.S.-based hotels out of 400 worldwide are Gold Certified in 2013 and three of them are Caesars properties (Stevens, 2013).Besides their commitment to responsible stewardship of the environment, the company also has codes of commitment to treat all their employees with respect and to provide them with good career opportunities, to promote responsible gaming as well as to help make all their communities healthy and vibrant places to live and work. To foster responsible gaming, the company only allows adults to visit their casinos, trains their employees on how to assign help to customers who may need it and provides toll-free helpline numbers for problem gambling. They have also adopted a policy to donate part of the company profits to community and charitable causes (Caesars Entertainment).As casinos fundamentally offer products that have adverse social and economic consequences, it may be unnecessary or even irrelevant for the company to conduc t CSR to appear altruistic to the public. This may therefore imply that any CSR efforts from such companies could only be genuine. However, companies at present are increasingly expected to embrace wider responsibilities and roles and adhere to greater ethical, legal and responsible standards. Companies that fail to do so are found to receive weakened public support and less positive views from the media (Yani-de-Soriano, Javed Yousafzai, 2012). Therefore, it remains indecipherable as to whether Caesars Entertainment Corporation is a genuine CSR practitioner, or that they have conducted CSR to gain social acceptance.Caesars Entertainments CodeGreen sustainability program is a great example of creating a shared value through CSR. Through committing to responsible stewardship of the environment, the company strives to economize energy, save water and recycle waste. These are environmental-friendly practices that also bring nearly cost-savings for the company. While not all the co mpanys CSR initiatives, such as those targeted at promoting responsible gaming, directly bring about economic benefits to the stockholders of the company, they can help to gain social acceptance of the public, increasing sales and thereby giving develop to indirect economic benefits. Since Caesars Entertainments CSR practices create shared value for both the society and the owners of the firm fit in to the Porter and Kramers model, it is a socially responsible company.LimitationsIn evaluating the respective companies on whether they are genuine practitioners of CSR given that there do not seem to be a need for them to appear socially responsible, we have looked at how conducting CSR could benefit them to assess the motives that they might have in executing their CSR initiatives. However, it may be presumptuous or even unjust to these companies to assume their motives based on the consequences of their actions. The companies may indeed have been genuine practitioners of CSR, even if their CSR initiatives turn out to benefit the company as well.The approach that has been used to establish whether the specific companies have been socially responsible may also have been too narrow. In applying Porter and Kramers concept of shared value, our criteria for determining whether the companies are socially responsible only lies on whether the companys CSR initiatives benefit both the stockholders and the other stakeholders of the firm however, we did not apply the model to take into account the inherent constitution of the company that their products are detrimental to the society in determining whether they are socially responsible. As a result, all the three firms examined can easily be classified as being socially responsible. On the other hand, to take into consideration the inherent nature of the company, which could only create value for the owners of the firms at best, would mean that these companies could never be socially responsible so long as they contin ue to operate, according to Porter and Kramers model of shared value.ConclusionCorporate social responsibility is a complex and contentious subject that many businesses have to process and commit their resources to implement. When companies whose products are detrimental to the society practice CSR, their motives are often questioned and their ability to be socially responsible may still be contested. However, as have been discussed and elaborated on above, companies do not need to have the best intentions for the society to be socially responsible. In fact, companies who are not genuine practitioners of CSR, but have both the firm and the society at heart when practicing CSR are the ones who are the most socially responsible. Finally, we conclude that companies whose products are detrimental to the society can be socially responsible companies.

What Is Your Position On The Death Penalty Philosophy Essay

What Is Your Position On The finale Penalty Philosophy tryDoes the stopping point penalization serve as a bridle to evil? Naturally, supporters of the termination penalization trust that detonator penalty acts as the best deterrent possible for decreasing instances of crime. Abolitionists however, think that the goal penalty is no much of a deterrent than flavor imprisonment. The bottom line is that deterrence in regards to the death penalty is the theory approximatelywhat the mind of a receiver involving the psychological processes that exist (Costanzo, 2004). If so, why atomic number 18 crime rates in the get together States comparatively high? What atomic number 18 more or less(a) separate countries responses to the death penalty?What is your position on the death penalty- should it be legal or should it be abolished? Why?Should youths who ca-ca been convicted of violent crimes be subject to the death penalty? Why or why non? smashing punishment is punish ment by death for shoot downting a crime. hood punishment is much called the death penalty. It is near comm solo procedured in convictions for murder. But it has too been utilizationd for such crimes as armed robbery, kidnapping, rape, and treason. About 60 countries-including the coupled States and m whatever African and Asian nations- determination majuscule punishment. mountainada, Australia, and reasonable about European and Latin American nations pay back abolished it.Table upper-case letter punishment in the coupled StatesThroughout history, governments gift executed criminals by a variety of rules. These reads have included hanging, crucifixion, stoning, beheading, and poisoning. Since the 1600s, shooting-often by firing squads-has been a common method of movement in many countries. Some countries execute criminals using electrocution or deadly gas. The to the highest degree comm lonesome(prenominal) apply method in the united States is deadly shaft. Le thal injection involves the use of do drugss that stop the soulfulnesss breathing and heartbeat. explanation of cracking punishment. Governments have utilise capital punishment since ancient times. In 399B.C., the Greek philosopher Socrates was condemned to death. He was forced to drink hemlock, a poison the mountain of ancient A indeeds used for the death penalty. Between the A.D.400s and 1400s, thousands of batch in Europe were executed were executed for crimes against the state and church. roughly were hanged or beheaded. During the cut Revolution (1789-1799), the revolutionary government executed around 40,000 throng. One method of execution in France was the guillotine, a beheading machine.The use of capital punishment in many take apliberal arts of the world declined during the 1900s. The joined human worlds race hang up capital punishment for murder in 1965 and abolished it in 1969. Northern Ireland, however, which is occasion of the unite Kingdom, kept the de ath penalty for several more eld. By 1998, capital punishment had been censor in the rep permite(p) get together Kingdom for all crimes. Canada abolished the death penalty for murder in 1976 and for all crimes in 1998. By 1985, Australia had abolished capital punishment for all crimes.About 130 nations have formally abolished capital punishment or stopped using it. many less developed countries continue to use the death penalty. The United States is the only industrialized Western nation where executions still take place. In the United States, the death penalty whitethorn be given as a punishment on a lower floor federal right, military law, or the laws of 35 states.The closing of the independent tourist court of the United States in Furman v. Georgia (1972) greatly influenced the use of capital punishment in the United States. The court held that the death penalty, as it was delivered at the time, was cruel and unusual punishment. Therefore, the death penalty violated the eighth and 14th am decisionments to the Constitution. However, the court left open the possibility that the death penalty could be constitutional if it were conducted differently. The court stated that death penalty laws moldiness be limited to received crimes and applied according to fair standards. succeeding(a) the decision, many states passed new laws to satisfy the courts requirements.In Gregg v. Georgia (1976), the Supreme Court upheld the use of capital punishment for people doomd under new laws in Florida, Georgia, and Texas. The court ruled that the death penalty itself and the standards developed by the states were constitutional. later(prenominal) in the 1970s, the court struck down laws that made the death penalty mandatory (required) for certain crimes. It also abolished the death penalty as a punishment for rape.More than 1,000 people have been executed in the United States since the Supreme Court upheld the death penalty in 1976. Thousands more be imprisoned on d eath dustup. Death row is where people who have been sentenced to death await execution. Many prisoners on death row ar awaiting the outcome of legal appeals.In 2002, the Supreme Court ruled that juries, non hears, must decide sentences in capital punishment cases in which at that place was a trial by jury. That same year, the court ruled that it was unconstitutional to execute people who have an intellectual disability. In 2005, the court inhibitionned the use of capital punishment in cases where the offender (person who broke the law) was under 18 years of age when the crime was committed.In the early 2000s, some U.S. states reexamined their capital punishment systems. Evidence had submitn that some prisoners on death row were actually innocent or had been tried unfairly. For example, in 2001, Illinois declared a moratorium (temporary halt) on capital punishment. During the moratorium, a commission reviewed the fairness of the system and put up many flaws. Therefore, Illin ois continued its moratorium. In 2003, Illinois Governor George Ryan commuted (reduced) the death sentences of all the prisoners then on death row in the state. He changed most of the sentences to vitality in prison without parole.Other states halted executions, at least(prenominal) temporarily, to study the method of permithal injection. In 2006, Governor Jeb Bush of Florida suspended the death penalty in the state. This suspension followed an incident in which prison officials had mishandled the lethal injection of a convicted murderer. Bush appointed a commission to investigate whether lethal injection violates the constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment. In mid-2007, Florida resumed the death penalty. In 2006, a federal judge in atomic number 20 declared a halt on executions to determine the constitutionality of lethal injections.Executions in the United States were put on hold in September 2007 later on two Kentucky death-row inmates challenged the current proc edures of delivering lethal injections. The inmates contendd that the method violated the constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment. In April 2008, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the current lethal injection procedures. This ruling permitted executions to resume in the United States.A number of U.S. state legislatures in the early 2000s considered laws to end their states use of the death penalty. parvenue Jersey abolished death penalty in 2007. advanced Mexico did so in 2009.Print narrative statement of capital punishment subdivisionThe debate over capital punishment. People often disagree about whether capital punishment is a moral and arrangeive management of dealing with crime. Many people oppose the death penalty because they believe it is cruel. They believe it is non consistent with the ideals of modern fraternity. Critics also warfaren that innocent people could be executed if they are mistakenly convicted or unfairly sentenced. Most critic s favor life imprisonment as an alternative to capital punishment.Supporters of capital punishment believe that, in certain circumstances, a person who takes a human life deserves to lose his or her own life. Supporters also argue that the threat of capital punishment deters (discourages) people from committing serious crimes. However, studies have not consistently shown that the death penalty has a greater deterrent effect than life imprisonment.Print The debate over capital punishment subdivision______________Contri barelyorRobert W. Taylor, Ph.D., Professor and Chair, Department of Criminal Justice, University of North Texas.How to constitute this nameTo cite this article, human race Book recommends the interest formatTaylor, Robert W. Capital punishment. World Book Advanced. World Book, 2011. Web. 4 Feb. 2011.To learn about citing sources, see Help.Extracts from Beccarias an canvas on Crimes and PunishmentsBECCARIA, An Essay on Crimes and Punishments (Edinburgh, 1788), pp. 49 sqq., 70 sq., 111 sqq., 169. World History93.What are in general the proper punishments for crimes? Is the punishment of death rightfully utilizable or necessary for the safety or good order of society? Are paroxysms and torments consistent with justice, or do they answer the end visualised by the laws? Which is the best method of preventing crimes? Are the same punishments equally useful at all times? What influence have they on ethical motive? These problems should be solved with that geometrical precision which the mist of sophistry, the seduction of eloquence, and the fright of disbelieve are unable to resist.If I have no other merit than that of having front presented to my country with a greater degree of grounds what other nations have written and are beginning to practice, I shall account myself fortunate notwithstanding if, by supporting the rights of piece and of invincible truth, I shall contribute to save from the agonies of death one unfortunate victim of despotism or of ignorance, equally fatal, his blessing and tears of transport will be a sufficient consolation to me for the contempt of mankind....It is evident that the intention of punishments is not to torment a sensitive being nor to undo a crime already committed. Is it possible that torments and useless rigorousness, the factors of furious fanaticism or of the powerlessness of tyrants, can be authorized by a political corpse which, so far from being influenced by passion, should be the cool moderator of the passions of individuals? Can the groans of a tortured wretch recall the time past or reverse the crime he has committed?The end of punishment and then is no other than to prevent others from committing the like offense. Such punishments, thitherfore, and such a mode of inflicting them ought to be chosen as will learn strongest and most lasting impressions on the minds of others with the least torment to the body of the criminal....Use of tortureThe torture of a crim inal during the course of his trial is a cruelty consecrated by custom in most nations. It is used with an intent any to make him confess his crime or explain some contradictions into which he has been led during his examination or discover his accomplices or for some kind of metaphysical and incomprehensible purgation of infamy or finally, in order to discover other crimes of which he is not accused, but of which he may be vile.No man can be judged a criminal until he be found guilty nor can society take from him the public cling toion until it has been proved that he has violated the conditions on which it was granted. What right, then, but that of mere power can authorize the punishment of a citizen so long as there remains any doubt of his guilt? The following dilemma is a frequent one any he is guilty or not guilty. If guilty, he should only arrest the punishment ordained by the laws, and torture becomes useless, as his confession is unnecessary. If he be not guilty, you torture the innocent for in the eye of the law e precise man is innocent whose crime has not been proved....A very strange but necessary consequence of the use of torture is that the betroth of the innocent is worse than that of the guilty. With regard to the first, either he confesses the crime which he has not committed and is condemned, or he is acquitted and has suffered a punishment he did not deserve. On the contrary, the person who is really guilty has the most favorable side of the question for if he supports the torture with firmness and resolution, he is acquitted and is the gainer, having exchanged a greater punishment for a less....Arguments against capital punishmentThe punishment of death is pernicious to society from the examples of barbarity it affords. If the passions or the necessity of war have taught men to shed the blood of their fellow-creatures, the laws, which are intended to moderate the ferocity of mankind, should not ontogenesis it by examples of barbari ty,-the more horrible since this punishment is usually attended with formal pageantry. Is it not mirthful that the laws which detect and punish homicide should, in order to prevent murder, publicly commit murder themselves?What are the true and most useful laws? Those compacts and conditions which all would propose and observe in those moments when private interest is silent or have with that of the public. What are the natural thoughts of every person concerning the punishment of death? We may read them in the contempt and indignation with which every one looks on the executioner, who is neertheless an innocent executor of the public will, a good citizen who contributes to the advantage of society, the instrument of the general security within as good soldiers are without. What, then, is the declivity of this contradiction? Why is this sentiment of mankind indelible, however one may reason? It is because in a secret corner of the mind, in which the real impressions of nature are still preserved, men discover a sentiment which tells them that their lives are not lawfully in the power of any one, but of that necessity only which with its iron scepter rules the universe....The past full of mistakesIf it be objected that almost all nations in all ages have punished certain crimes with death, I answer that the force of these examples vanishes when opposed to truth against which prescription is urged in vain. The history of mankind is an immense sea of errors in which a fewer obscure truths may here and there be found.... That some societies only, either few in number or for a very in short time, have abstained from the punishment of death is rather favorable to my argument, for such is the component of great truths that their duration is only as a flash of lightning in the long dark night of error. The happy time has not hitherto arrived when truth, as falsehood has been hitherto, shall be the portion of the greatest number.I am sensible that the voice o f one philosopher is too weak to be perceive amidst the clamors of a multitude blindly influenced by custom but there is a small number of sages scattered on the expression of the earth who will echo me from the bottom of their hearts and if these truths should happily force their way to the thrones of princes, be it tell apartn to them that they come attended with the secret wishes of all mankind and tell the sovereign that deigns them a gracious reception that his fame shall outshine the fame of conquerors, and that equitable posterity will exalt his peaceful trophies above those of a Titus, an Antoninus, or a Trajan.The benevolent despotsHow happy were mankind if laws were now to be first formed, now that we see on the thrones of Europe benevolent monarchs, friends to the virtues of peace, to the arts and sciences, fathers of their people, though crowned, yet citizens the increase of whose authority augments the happiness of their subjects by destroying that intercede despot ism which intercepts the demanders of the people to the throne. If these humane princes have suffered the old laws to subsist, it is doubtless because they are disturbed by the numberless obstacles which oppose the subversion of errors by the visage of many ages and therefore every wise citizen will wish for the increase of their authority....Would you prevent crimes? Let the laws be clear and simple let the entire force of the nation be united in their defense let them be intended rather to favor every individual than any particular classes of men let the laws be feared and the laws only....From what I have written, results the following general theorem of considerable utility, though not conformable to Custom, the common legislator of nations That a punishment may not be an act of military force, of one or of many, against a private member of society it should be public, immediate, and necessary the least possible in the case given proportioned to the crime, and determined by t he laws.How to cite this documentTo cite this document, World Book recommends the following formatdi Beccaria, Marchese . Extracts from Beccarias An Essay on Crimes and Punishments. Readings in Modern European History A appealingness of Extracts from the Sources Chosen With the Purpose of Illustrating Some of the Chief Phases of the Development of Europe During the finishing Two Hundred Years, Volume 1 The Eighteenth Century The French Re. Boston Ginn and Company, 1908. World Book Advanced. Web. 4 Feb. 2011.ANOTHER VIEW Do not expand New Hampshires death penaltyAnonymous. The Union Leader. Manchester, N.H. Feb 2, 2011. pg. A.7 nonobjective (Summary) the abolition of the death penalty does not jeopardize our states ability to protect people from dangerous criminals, as we have available to us the sentence of life without the possibility of parole (which the minority report of the Commission to culture the Death Penalty in New Hampshire referred to as death by incarceration). in t he midst of all our discussion on legislation, let us never fail to express our support for the families and friends of victims of terrible crimes. Jump to list (document details)Full textual matter(672 words)Copyright Union Leader Corporation Feb 2, 2011THE tonic HAMPSHIRE House of Representatives soon will consider two bills, HB 147 and HB 162, which seek to expand the death penalty in our state. As Catholic bishops, and as citizens of New Hampshire, we urge the members of the House to vote against these bills.Like other citizens of our state, our hearts are broken by the inconceivable and monstrous crimes that prompted these bills. We pray for the victims and their families we honor the bravery and nobility of the police officers and we, too, seek a just punishment for the guilty. However, we believe that just punishment should not involve the taking of yet another life.It was surely no accident that life was the first of the inalienable rights affirmed by our nations Declara tion of Independence. The right to life is the creation of all the human rights we possess. Unfortunately, in our time, the value of human life and human dignity is constantly under attack. During the century we just concluded, we saw war and bloodshed on a scale never before witnessed in human history. We live in a culture where the taking of the most innocent of lives those of unborn children in the womb is tolerated, made legal, and even encouraged, and a world where the elderly and infirm are subtly encouraged not to be a drain on their families or society.In the face of all this, it is evident that to restore what Pope John Paul II called a culture of life, our society ought to employ the strongest measures available. One of the measures available is the bulwark and eventual abolition of the death penalty.By no means does this confidence of the respect for the life of criminals minimize the requirement that justice be make to them through proportionate punishment, nor doe s it dissolve the distinction mingled with innocence and guilt. Indeed, the abolition of the death penalty does not jeopardize our states ability to protect people from dangerous criminals, as we have available to us the sentence of life without the possibility of parole (which the minority report of the Commission to Study the Death Penalty in New Hampshire referred to as death by incarceration). Instead, our states refusal to kill capital offenders would be a sign of the states confident moral integrity, not of its weakness to govern and protect.When the state ends a human life although a non-lethal alternative exists, it suggests that society can end violence with more violence. We know that this is not the case. As Pope Benedict XVI has said, killing the guilty one is not the way to rebuild justice and reconcile society. On the contrary, there is the risk that the spirit of revenge is fueled and that the seeds of new violence are sown.We therefore should end the use of the deat h penalty, not only for what it does to those who are executed, but for what it does to all of society.By having the courage and rectitude to forbear the lives of those who are demonstrably guilty and, instead, imprison them for life, we develop and support a culture appreciative and protective of the value of every human person. By refusing to expand the death penalty in this state, we proclaim a moral goodness that moves beyond the influence of reaction to chilling crimes and toward a elegant ethic that respects the intrinsic value of every human person from conception to natural death. For these reasons, HB 147 and HB 162 should not become law.Finally, in the midst of all our discussion on legislation, let us never fail to express our support for the families and friends of victims of terrible crimes. Let us show our gratitude and appreciation for members of law enforcement who bring criminals to justice. Let us all as Pope John Paul II challenged, commit to live as people of l ife and for life..John B. McCormack is bishop of Manchester. Francis J. Christian is auxiliary bishop of Manchester.Indexing (document details)SubjectsCapital punishment, ViolenceAuthor(s)AnonymousDocument typesEditorialSectionOPINION matter titleThe Union Leader.Manchester, N.H.Feb 2, 2011. pg. A.7Source typeNewspaperISSN07455798ProQuest document ID2256312851Text say Count672Document URLhttp//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=2256312851sid=1Fmt=3clientId=74379RQT=309V get=PQDANOTHER VIEW Do not expand New Hampshires death penalty.(2011,February2). The Union Leader,A.7. Retrieved February 4, 2011, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID2256312851).ethal Injection and the F.D.A. EditorialNew York clock. (Late variance (East Coast)). New York, N.Y. Jan 28, 2011. pg. A.30Abstract (Summary)When it reaffirmed the constitutionality of capital punishment three years ago, a splintered Supreme Court said it believed lethal injection carried uncomplete substantial nor objectively intolerable risk of inflicting serious harm. Jump to list (document details)Full Text(412 words)Copyright New York Times Company Jan 28, 2011Capital punishment means lethal injection. The administration of a barbiturate as part of a fatal dose of drugs is meant to render a convict unconscious mind before other drugs stop his or her breathing and heart so the execution can somehow be construed by a judge as being neither cruel nor unusual.Sodium thiopental is at the heart of this story. A fast- and short-acting general anesthetic, it has been used to put convicts under and make executions methodical. For more than a year, however, a shortage of the drug has widened the gap between the reality of carrying out executions and support for them in American law. In October, a majority of the Supreme Court wrongly insisted there was no evince that the shortage had any bearing on whether an execution can be done constitutionally. Now the evidence is impossible to ignore.We strongly oppose capital punishm ent on many grounds. Even with judicial blessing, the conduct of executions in this country is a shambles. In Arizona and Georgia, the sodium thiopental used in executions has possibly been ineffective and almost certainly been illegal. It came from Dream Pharma, an unauthorised British supplier, run from a driving school. The batches carried a date of 2006. They were believably made by a company in Austria that went out of business. The drug is said to be effective for only a year. As a foreign-made drug without approval by the Food and Drug Administration, it is prohibited by federal statute.The F.D.A. initially suspected the drug from Dream Pharma of being adulterated or mislabeled and refused to let it be imported. Then it let the drug enter the country but with the warning that the agency hadnt reviewed the drugs identity, safety, effectiveness, innocence or any other characteristics.This month, the F.D.A. stated Reviewing substances imported or used for the purpose of stat e-authorized lethal injection clearly falls outside of F.D.A.s transparent public health role.In the meantime, the only American manufacturer of sodium thiopental formerly described as F.D.A.-approved has announced it will no longer make the drug. It planned to produce the drug in Italy, but the Italian government has said it wont permit the drugs export for use in executions.When it reaffirmed the constitutionality of capital punishment three years ago, a splintered Supreme Court said it believed lethal injection carried neither substantial nor objectively intolerable risk of inflicting serious harm. How can the justices be confident in that conclusion now?Indexing (document details)SubjectsCapital punishment, Anesthesia, Supreme Court decisions, Editorials Capital punishmentCompaniesFood Drug AdministrationFDADocument typesEditorialColumn NameEditorialSectionAPublication titleNew York Times.(Late Edition (East Coast)).New York, N.Y.Jan 28, 2011. pg. A.30Source typeNewspaperIS SN03624331ProQuest document ID2250674721Text Word Count412Document URLhttp//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=2250674721sid=2Fmt=3clientId=74379RQT=309VName=PQDLethal Injection and the F.D.AEditorial.(2011,January28). New York Times (Late Edition (east Coast)), p.A.30. Retrieved February 4, 2011, from Banking Information Source. (Document ID2250674721).

Albert Einstein Essay -- Biography Biographies

Albert whiz Albert mental capacity (1879-1955) is believed to be the sterling(prenominal) scientist of the 20th century. He developed many theories that led to many breakthroughs. With his well-known(a) famous look, the white messy hair and the absent-minded look on his face, he was the perfect example of the typical scientist. Einstein became internationally renowned as a leading scientific thinker and as an accomplished mathematician. His contributions to recognition have left a lasting impression throughout the universe. Albert Einstein was a highly intelligent man who earned many honors and accomplishments. innate(p) into a Jewish family at Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879, Einstein washed-out his youth in Munich, where his father, Hermann and his uncle, Jacob Einstein, owned a small shop that manufacture electric machinery. His mother encouraged him to teach music, but it was his Uncle Jacob who inspired his fascination for mathematics. As a youth, he showed a brilliant abi lity to ensure difficult mathematical concepts. In 1895, Einstein failed an exam that would have allowed him to study for a diploma as an electrical engineer in Zurich. sideline the failing of the entrance exam, Einstein attended secondary school at Aarau and planned to use this route to enter the school in Zurich. In 1900, he succeeded with his plan graduating as a teacher of mathematics and physics. For ii years Einstein worked as a tutor and substitute teacher. In 1902, he secured a position as an examiner in the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. Einstein married Mileva Maric in 1903, a classmate of his, and they had two sons named Hans Albert and Edward. However, the outbreak of World War I make him separated from his family and him and his wife divorced in 1919. Einstein late... ...arted preparing for stopping point by drawing up his will in 1950. One week in the beginning his death, Einstein signed his last letter. It was a letter in which he agreed that his name should go on a manifest urgency all nations to give up nuclear weapons. Albert Einstein died during his sleep April 18, 1955 in Princeton after many years of bad health. Albert Einstein ranks with Galileo and Newton as one of the great conceptual revisers of our understanding of the universe, Jonas Maxe. All of his life Albert Einstein devoted himself to the world not only with his scientific accomplishments, but his policy-making and social causes as well. It is amazing that the one person who gave us the conceptual understanding of the universe made his last act before death a plea for international peace. Albert Einstein contributed to the world lasting pith and will always be remembered by that.