Grauballe Man (Denmark) - European Iron Age Bog Body

The Grauballe Man is the name of an extremely well-preserved Iron Age bog body, the 2200-year-old body of a man pulled from a peat bog in central Jutland, Denmark in 1952. The body was found at depths of more than one meter (3.5 feet) of peat. The Story of Grauballe Man Grauballe Man was determined to have been about 30 years old when he died. Physical inspection indicated that although his body was in near-perfect preservation, he had been brutally murdered or sacrificed. His throat had been cut from behind so deeply that it nearly beheaded him. His skull was bludgeoned and his leg was broken. Grauballe mans body was among the earliest of objects dated by the newly invented radiocarbon dating method. After his discovery was announced, his body displayed in public and several photographs of him published in newspapers, a woman came forward and claimed that she recognized him as a peat worker she had known as a child who had disappeared on his way home from a local pub. Hair samples from the man returned conventional c14 dates between 2240-2245 RCYBP. Recent AMS radiocarbon dates (2008) returned calibrated ranges between 400-200 cal BC. Preservation Methods Initially, Grauballe man was investigated by Danish archaeologist Peter V. Glob at the National Museum of Denmark at Copenhagen. Bog bodies had been found in Denmark beginning in the first half of the 19th century. The most striking characteristic of bog bodies is their preservation, which can be close to or surpass the best of ancient mummification practices. Scientists and museum directors tried all sorts of techniques to maintain that preservation, beginning with air or oven drying. Glob had the Grauballe mans body treated to a process similar to tanning animal hides. The body was kept for 18 months in a mixture of 1/3 fresh oak, 2/3 oak bark plus a .2% of Toxinol as a disinfectant. Over that period, the concentration of Toxinol was increased and monitored. After the 18 months, the body was immersed in a bath of 10% Turkish-red oil in distilled water to avoid shrinkage. New bog body discoveries in the 21st century are kept in wet peat in refrigerated storage at 4 degrees celsius. What Scholars Have Learned Grauballe Mans stomach was removed at some point during the process, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations in 2008 discovered plant grains in the vicinity of where his stomach had been. Those grains are now interpreted as remnants of what likely was his last meal. The grains indicate that Grauballe man ate a type of gruel made from a combination of cereals and weeds, including rye (Secale cereale), knotweed (Polygonum lapathifolium), corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis), flax (Linum usitatissimum) and gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa). Post-Excavation Studies The Irish Nobel Prize-winning poet Seamus Heaney often wrote poems for and about bog bodies. The one he wrote in 1999 for Grauballe Man is quite evocative and one of my favorites. As if he had been poured / in tar, he lies / on a pillow of turf / and seems to weep. Be sure to read it yourself for free at the Poetry Foundation. The display of bog bodies has ethical issues discussed in many places in the scientific literature: Gail Hitchens article The Modern Afterlife of the Bog People published in the student archaeology journal The Posthole addresses some of these and discusses Heaney and other modern day artistic uses of bog bodies, specifically but not limited to Grauballe. Today Grauballe mans body is kept in a room at the Moesgaard Museum protected from light and temperature changes. A separate room lays out the details of his history and provides numerous CT-scanned images of his body parts; but Danish archaeologist Nina Nordstrà ¶m reports that the separate room keeping his body seems to her a calm and contemplative reburial. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com Guide to Bog Bodies and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Granite G. 2016. Understanding the death and burial of northern European bog bodies. In: Murray CA, editor. Diversity of Sacrifice: Form and Function of Sacrificial Practices in the Ancient World and Beyond. Albany: State University of New York Press. p 211-222.Hitchens G. 2009. The Modern Afterlife of the Bog People. The Post Hole 7:28-30.Karg S. 2012. Oil-rich seeds from prehistoric contexts in southern Scandinavia: Reflections on archaeobotanical records of flax, hemp, gold of pleasure, and corn spurrey. Acta Paleobotanica 52(1):17-24.Lynnerup N. 2010. Medical Imaging of Mummies and Bog Bodies – A Mini-Review. Gerontology 56(5):441-448.Mannering U, Possnert G, Heinemeier J, and Gleba M. 2010. Dating Danish textiles and skins from bog finds by means of 14C AMS. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(2):261-268.Nordstrà ¶m N. 2016. The Immortals: Prehistoric individuals as ideological and therapeutic tools in our time. In: Williams H, and Giles M, editors. Archaeologists and t he Dead: Mortuary Archaeology in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 204-232.Stà ¸dkilde-Jà ¸rgensen H, Jacobsen NO, Warncke E, and Heinemeier J. 2008. The intestines of a more than 2000 years old peat-bog man: microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging and 14C-dating. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(3):530-534.Villa C, and Lynnerup N. 2012. Hounsfield Units ranges in CT-scans of bog bodies and mummies. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 69(2):127-145.

Culturally Adapted Therapeutic Process - 2013 Words

Great strides have been made in the counseling field to promote multiculturalism, yet it is a complex endeavor and continues to meet challenges in implementation and efficacy. Challenges such as cultural encapsulation, client access to care, implementation of multicultural counseling competencies, and unique issues involved in the practice of counseling a diverse population of clients remains. Research is ongoing to determine the efficacy of culturally adapted treatments in the therapeutic process. Cultural Encapsulation A challenge in implementing culturally sensitive techniques for counselors is recognizing their biased perspectives, assumptions, and worldview. Cultural Encapsulation is the tendency of counselors to view the world†¦show more content†¦Access to Care An additional barrier to multicultural counseling is client access to care. The utilization of mental health services by minority groups is low in the United States (Smith, Domenech Rodriguez, Guillermo, 2011). The fact that minority groups underutilize mental health services is attributed to systemic issues such as lack of affordable transportation, inconvenient office hours, demographic mismatch, language barriers, economics, and lack of clinics in neighborhoods with predominately ethnic minority groups (Smith, Domenech Rodriguez, Guillermo, 2011). To address these issues, multiculturalism in the mental health services field has committed to equipping more culturally competent counselors, encouraging community-based counseling efforts for easier access, increasing bilingual and culturally diverse counselors, as well social advocacy. Despite their recognition, these challenges are difficult to remedy and remain a problem for clients of minority groups. Integration of the Multicultural Counseling Competencies Ongoing efforts to remedy inequities in counseling practices continue. One way is to train multiculturally competent counselors who are aware that a â€Å"one size fits all† approach is not effective for a diverse population of clients (Gerig, 2014). The American Psychological Association created a task force focused on

Mutual Obligations - Counseling Stages and Principles

Question: Discuss about the Mutual Obligations, Counseling Stages and Principles. Answer: Introduction: Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of mental treatment that is based on the theories laid down by Sigmund Freud. The therapy works to explore the influence of the unconscious mind on the behaviors and thoughts for offering insight for providing therapy resolution to the patient. The early childhood experiences are taken into consideration to investigate if those experiences have an influence on the life of the individual and have contributory effects to the present concerns (Peterfreund, 2016). This is a long term choice of therapy continuing even for years which depends on the exploration of the concern. Deep-seated changes are made on the emotional and personality development as the psychological challenges are assumed to be rooted on to the unconscious mind. This essay will discuss the case of Peter who is experiencing serious and frequent inter-personal conflicts at home and work. Mental health professionals have been unable to resolve his issue and therefore, he will be provided w ith the psychoanalytic therapy and the benefits from the associated modalities will be assessed. The psychoanalytic therapy for Peter will identify the problem areas that have resulted in his interpersonal conflict. The therapy will help him to overcome the hardships that have resulted as a reaction to his past relationships and obstacles (Hall, 2013). It is a common fact that the interpersonal conflicts have resulted from the emotions that were repressed due to the difficult situations. The environment of Peter is held responsible for shaping him into someone as a result of internal conflict. The conflict gets hidden behind his present self that comes out as a negative effect of his experience of the world around him. The treatment process in psychoanalytic therapy has been divided into three stages namely early, middle and late stages. The early or initiation stage will initiate the treatment for Peter where the therapist will get to know him. The danger situations, defensive maneuvers and characterological style that rule his behavior will be learned by the therapist. In this stage, therapeutic alliance is solidified and a rapport is established and Peter will be made aware of the therapy rules that include responsibilities of the therapist and the patient, reporting of dreams and free association (Dreher Sandler, 2013). The initial resistances offered by Peter to the process of treatment will be noted and will be either explored immediately or stored for any future reference. Accordingly, the early transferential responses that are exhibited by the patient will also be stored and noted for using at a futuristic stage when the past experiences of the patient have been better understood and expl ain the present transferential responses (Sanville, 2013). The therapist learns in detail the issues of interpersonal conflicts faced by Peter at home and work for determination of the suitability of the therapy and agreements are made on the mutual obligations, counseling stages and principles. The cause and symptoms are then gradually understood by the therapist. The middle stage marks the pronouncement of the treatment resistance and transference response which becomes a crucial part of the treatment process. Solidification of the working alliance can help Peter to experience the real thoughts and feelings in the present with the observation of the repetitious nature of the previous responses from the past. This stage of the treatment marks the acting through the conflicts which note the past patterns that have been repeated in the present life of Peter including them, whom he meets outside the office of the therapist and the therapist himself (Huber et al., 2013). Here, the memories of Peter are recalled which were distorted previously by the fears and wishes start to become increasingly clear. This will cause Peter to experience the wider choices present in his life as the distortions of the past will not distort his present abilities of decision making. This stage is also known as the transference and consolidation stage wherein Peter wil l transfer his feelings of the past life to the therapist and this will benefit the therapist to better understand his childhood experiences. Here, the therapist will reveal the relationship between the disease and the inner conscious desires or conflicts and provide explanations. This will cause Peter to comprehend and realize and in reaction to this, he might provide continuous resistance that will eventually have good effects to the treatment. The late phase is the termination phase which comprises the final part where the consolidation of the changes occurs with the solidification of the new behaviors. Understanding of the old patterns in the context of Peter's old and memories are made available which have been previously repressed. Interpersonal conflicts, maladaptive behavioral conflicts and conflicts with the therapist in the therapeutic situation are all resolved in this final stage (Summers, 2013). This is the resolution stage where the unconscious desires or conflicts of Peter will be consolidated and the end of treatment time will be declared. Transference might be repeated repeatedly and eventually Peter will become able to resolve his transference by himself. This will mark the end of the therapy. Critiquing the psychoanalytic approach, it can be stated that the psychoanalytic approach is a great contribution by Sigmund Freud that applied the principles of cause and effect in the human behavior. Critiques have observed this approach as a scientific construct rather than considering it as an empirical system that is observable. Constructs are necessary and convenient in dealing with the subject matters that are complicated and the explanatory scheme of Freud followed a traditional trait that looked into the cause of the behavior exhibited by an individual (Summers, 2013). This is psychoanalytic approach is all about as it constitutes a provocative and dramatic picture of psychotherapy, mental illness and personality of the individuals, suffering from external or internal conflicts and trying to survive the aggressive urges. Freud believed that human beings are not rational actors and rather they are driven by the instinctual, primitive and unconscious desires. It is a significa nt method that is being actively used in the field of psychiatry, however, several objections have been surfaced because of its lack of theoretical rigor and methodological rigidity (Vanolo, 2014). It has been pointed out by the modern psychologists that the psychoanalytic approach is excessively relied on the data ambiguities that include free associations and dreams. This Freudian theory fails to initiate the treatment standards and seems weak without empirical evidence. There have been several changes that have occurred over the time in traditional psychoanalysis as the patients now prefer a more interactive counseling experience that is carried out with the therapist. More emphasis is laid on the present problems rather than focusing on the early childhood memories. Since the concepts of psychoanalytical approach are subjective, its scientific testing is difficult (Elliott, 2015). This constitutes the situation of scientifically studying the tripartite personality or the unconscious mind. Therefore, the argument can be raised that empirical investigation of its theories and the psychodynamic perspective is unfalsifiable. A series of hypotheses are involved in the psychodynamic approach where few of them are tested easily compared to others which need more supporting evidence. Although the applied theories are not tested easily, it necessarily does not mean that it lacks strong explanatory powers. Another argument can be put forward in this regard t hat maximum evidence of the psychoanalytic approach has been derived from the case studies of Freud where a single person have been studied in detail which includes the middle-aged women belonging to Vienna (Vinnars, Frydman Dixon Barber, 2013). This aspect makes the generalization of the approach difficult on a wider population. This case study method also raises the issue of bias by the researchers where the case history of the patients is distorted to fit into the theory. The idea has also been identified as too deterministic and leaves little room for free will (Aron, 2013). However, there are few positive aspects of the psychoanalytic approach which explains behavior as it is a complete personality theory. The early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind activity are also emphasized along with the dynamic nature of the behavior. This approach can be of immense use in the psychological treatment of the mental disorders. There are several modalities that can address or overcome the limitations of the psychoanalytic approach. These are the behavior, cognitive, humanistic and holistic therapy that acts as guidelines for the psychologists for understanding their patients and the associated problems and help them to develop the solutions (Levi et al., 2015). The behavior therapy focuses on the role of the learning in the development of abnormal and normal behaviors. The cognitive therapy emphasizes on the process of thinking of the individuals rather than their actions. The humanistic therapy emphasizes on the capacity of the people for making rational choices and helps them to develop their potential to the maximum extent (Piazza-Bonin et al., 2016). Holistic or Integrative therapy helps the therapists to customize their treatment according to the individual needs of the patients and is not restricted to a single policy. Considering the interpersonal conflict of Peter, it can be stated that the modality of cognitive behavioral therapy is the best-suited modality for overcoming the limitations of psychoanalytic therapy, as discussed in the critique of the approach. This therapy is recognized as a psychosocial intervention which is a model of evidence-based practice often used for the treatment of mental disorders (Leichsenring et al., 2013). This therapy is focused on the strategies of personal coping and targets on solving the current problems by changing the undesirable cognitive patterns. It is a combination of cognitive and behavioral psychology. Since Peter is having serious problems of interpersonal conflict at work and home, the problem needs immediate intervention. As the psychoanalytic therapy requires longer term commitment, it might not provide him immediate relief and therefore, is a limitation of the applied therapy that can be overcome by a more structured modality of cognitive behaviora l therapy. Peter has also sought help from different mental health professionals but was of no use and this suggests that he has already made large investments for his treatment. The psychoanalytic approach will further add up to the burden of treatment expenses due to the length of the therapy which can be avoided with cognitive behavioral therapy as it is more affordable since it is shorter in duration. The psychoanalytic approach discusses the personal or childhood history which might be disturbing for Peter whereas cognitive behavioral therapy is more focused on the present rather than investigating the past. With the psychoanalytic approach, the treatment of Peter was based on the theoretical construct of the unconscious mind that was very difficult to prove, however, with the model of cognitive behavioral therapy, strong scientific support can be provided due to its evident effectiveness in several issues (Olatunji et al., 2013). The psychoanalytic approach requires interpretation by the therapist and therefore it lacks objectivity, however, the cognitive behavioral therapy is very much empowering as it follows the process of practical teaching techniques supported by homework which can be applied even after the conclusion of the therapy. Interpersonal conflicts of Peter can be reduced with cognitive behavioral therapy by strictly avoiding the discussion of topics which can provoke conflict. Peter should refrain from getting into arguments that can evoke anger until his therapy completes. If his daily life activities distract him from the important therapy tasks, the efficacy of the therapy might get compromised (Cahn, 2013). Interpersonal conflict is a type of stressor that can be controlled by cognitive behavioral therapy. Therefore, social support has to be provided to Peter during the course of the treatment for reducing or eliminating his interpersonal conflicts. Psychoanalytic therapy focuses on the interactions of the individual in his past so that the therapist can identify it with their present mental status. Peter is suffering from serious interpersonal conflicts which might have connections with his past. Psychoanalytic therapy will outline his thought components and how they affect his relationship with himself and others. Patterns and tendencies in the behavior of Peter will allow the therapist to recognize the reason for his interpersonal conflicts and will assess the damaging perceptions. This therapy will help Peter to act accordingly and make healthy decisions without going through the phase of anxiety as depression and anxiety often result from the interactions of the past. References Aron, L. (2013).A meeting of minds: Mutuality in psychoanalysis(Vol. 4). Routledge. Cahn, D. D. (2013).Conflict in personal relationships. Routledge. Dreher, A. U., Sandler, J. (2013).What do psychoanalysts want?: the problem of aims in psychoanalytic therapy(Vol. 24). Routledge. Elliott, A. (2015).Psychoanalytic theory: An introduction. Palgrave MacMillan. Hall, H. K. (Ed.). (2013).Psychoanalytic therapy and behavior therapy: is integration possible?. Springer Science Business Media. Huber, D., Henrich, G., Clarkin, J., Klug, G. (2013). Psychoanalytic versus psychodynamic therapy for depression: a three-year follow-up study.Psychiatry: Interpersonal Biological Processes,76(2), 132-149. Leichsenring, F., Salzer, S., Beutel, M. E., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W., Hoyer, J., ... Ritter, V. (2013). Psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.American Journal of Psychiatry. Levi, O., Bar?Haim, Y., Kreiss, Y., Fruchter, E. (2015). CognitiveBehavioural Therapy and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Combat?Related Post?Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Comparative Effectiveness Study.Clinical psychology psychotherapy. Olatunji, B. O., Davis, M. L., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. (2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome and moderators.Journal of psychiatric research,47(1), 33-41. Peterfreund, E. (2016). The process of psychoanalytic therapy: Models and strategies. Piazza-Bonin, E., Neimeyer, R. A., Alves, D., Smigelsky, M. (2016). Innovative Moments in Humanistic Therapy II: Analysis of Change Processes Across the Course of Three Cases of Grief Therapy.Journal of Constructivist Psychology,29(3), 298-317. Sanville, J. B. (2013).The playground of psychoanalytic therapy. Routledge. Summers, F. (2013).Self creation: Psychoanalytic therapy and the art of the possible. Routledge. Summers, F. (2013).Transcending the self: An object relations model of psychoanalytic therapy. Routledge. Vanolo, A. (2014). Locating the couch: an autobiographical analysis of the multiple spatialities of psychoanalytic therapy.Social Cultural Geography,15(4), 368-384. Vinnars, B., Frydman Dixon, S., Barber, J. P. (2013). Pragmatic Psychodynamic PsychotherapyBridging Contemporary Psychoanalytic Clinical Practice and Evidence-Based Psychodynamic Practice.Psychoanalytic Inquiry,33(6), 567-583.

Art History Essay On Newgrange Example For Students

Art History Essay On Newgrange Christian art began. Prior to a large amount of Christians they may have been one of the best producing durable works Of art. Although Christianity was largely a religion Of the less fortunate in this time period (Backbite,john,2nd Eden. 1979), and because of that there is a lack of surviving art due to the lack of funds for patronage. Even though they had a lack of fund, they still made great work. Early Christian practiced their religions in secret, and will make perfect catacombs under Rome to bury their dead and then to practice their religion. Which in earliest times included baptism and readings from early text. This became the catechism, the art of catacombs is to celebrate a birth of a hero who teaches in mortal terms. The concepts of the protector healer, teacher and miracle maker are all based on the catechism. The Roman paganism, they worship of traditional gods natural spirits and emperors fail to satisfy peoples search for a meaningful satisfaction of metaphysical needs Or guide to an ethical life. According to an article by David Belch Some of the Traditional Roman state religion fails to satisfy intellectual or motional needs Of lower class paganism, in example: Image Of Caesar as god, becomes satirical, deteriorating social values and economic opportunity, at time Of great wealth to the privileged is demoralizing, Separation Of people from the mystical experience and No ethical or moral teachings as examples (Belch, David L, 2008, Mohr Sickbed). The early Christian didnt not deliberately copy the Isaac group for one of their most sacred themes, or that they made direct use of symbolism which was connected in their minds with what they thought was worshiping the devil but in reality their art was influenced and allowed themselves to be inspired by a form of representation with which many of them were familiar _ In Rome the link which bound Christian vivid pagan art is painting and not sculptures. All the earliest discovery of the catacombs is through the medium of frescoes; sculptured relief did not come into vogue until a later time. As it was shown in the book paganism and Christianity these arts were freely inspired by pagan motives; but on this subject there were two main schools of opinion: (a) the apologist for a purely Christian art who maintain that the resemblance to pagan anthropometry art is superficial and that we have here the seeds of an entirely new art which was eventually to revolutionize the world, and (b) those who see in the figures of the good shepherd, the prophets, virgins and martyrs, nothing but purely pagan 143), In Egypt however it is far more difficult to trace the connecting link. Probably Earliest Christian design is those worked in purple into the numerous specimens Of cloth from Sarnia. Again the decoration Of coffins and funerary furniture, Which played a huge part in Egyptian art, may very well have been the stepping stone by which pagan homeboys was transferred to Christian decoration. The strange part is terra-cotta the medium employed for the representation of numerous pagan deities, seems to have been forgotten by the early Christians of Egypt, but also one important exception to this appears in the figure of the good shepherd, Early Christian artists were thoughtful of biblical prohibitions against images, and were shy to represent Christ and Saints directly. At the same time, the look and power of didactic religious images was recognized, especially if they involved pagan and Jewish iconography. According to research Roman style was adapted to the new faith, but it may have proven incompatible with Christian subject matter: Classical art expressed the physical and the here- and-now; Christian art concerned itself with the spiritual and the hereafter (Pearson, 2010). Christian art gradually moved away from the naturalism, illusionist, solid Objects and flesh-and- blood figures of Classical art, for Christian artists did not care to extend our empirical world, but rather hoped to create otherworldly realms. In conclusion the Christian art had many influence in such as pagan inspired homes. .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 , .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 .postImageUrl , .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 , .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7:hover , .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7:visited , .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7:active { border:0!important; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7:active , .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7 .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud32b1ac42c49e8d9d9d2f783074a5cb7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alcohol abuse EssayThey wasnt the anywhere near wealthy but that did not matter because there work was really good, if the pagans had more money a lot of their art work would still be around because they would had enough money to buy quality supply. The art would back in the early Christian stage was a lot of recycled stuff; they would see some work of somebody else and flip it around and make it their own. The Christian was always skeptical of doing art work with the devil in it because they were afraid that they would be worshiping the devil did art work on Sources 1. Beck-with, John, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 2nd Eden. 1979 2. Belch, David L, Roman Domestic Art camp; Early House Churches (Weightliftings Understructure rum ENUM Testament Series), 2008, Mohr Sickbed 3. The book paganism and Christianity in Egypt- Page 143 4. Love,Larry. , the early Christians Pearson (2010) Aaron Wheeler Annotated Bibliography Backbite, John, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, Penguin History Of art Backbite helped me understand and write about how the Christian had some of the best work but they didnt have the right resources.